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SitRep102 _COVID-19 and Dengue 12/10/2025
SitRep103 _COVID-19 and Dengue 13/10/2025
SitRep104 _COVID-19 and Dengue 14/10/2025
SitRep105 _COVID-19 and Dengue 26/10/2025
SitRep106 _COVID-19 and Dengue 02/11/2025
SitRep107 _COVID-19 and Dengue 09/11/2025
SitRep108 _COVID-19 and Dengue 16/11/2025
SitRep109 _COVID-19 and Dengue 23/11/2025
SitRep110 _COVID-19 and Dengue 30/11/2025
SitRep111 _COVID-19 and Dengue 07/12/2025
South Sudan: Conflict in Jonglei State Flash Update No. 12 (as of 13 March 2026)
Country: South Sudan Source: UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Please refer to the attached file. HIGHLIGHTS The South Sudan Humanitarian Country Team (HCT) and the United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) call for peace and civilian protection in Akobo. Troika envoys urge President Kiir to revoke Akobo evacuation order. On 6 March, Government forces issued a directive for civilians and aid agencies to vacate Akobo County ahead of planned military operations. Civilians displaced to Alalai, Akobo East and across the Akobo River to Ethiopia. Additional internal displacement reported from Bor, Jonglei, to Mingkaman, Lakes State. SITUATION OVERVIEW Renewed fighting between the South Sudan People’s Defence Forces (SSPDF) and Sudan People’s Liberation Army in Opposition (SPLA-iO) forces since 29 December 2025 worsened the humanitarian situation in several parts of Jonglei State. Akobo, Duk, Nyirol and Uror counties, Jonglei State, are among the most affected areas, with widespread insecurity, destruction of civilian infrastructure and significant constraints on humanitarian access reported. Verified data from the International Organization for Migration (IOM) indicates that more than 267,000 people have been displaced across Jonglei, Lakes, Upper Nile and Central Equatoria States. In Akobo, the security situation remains fluid and unpredictable, following the 72-hour directive by SSPDF on 6 March ordering civilians, United Nations Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS) personnel, UN agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs) to vacate the area ahead of a planned military operation. This triggered the mass displacement of an estimated 100,000 people across the border into Ethiopia, in Tergal and Yir‑yir. Other internally displaced people fled to Wanding, Nasir and Ulang, Upper Nile. No humanitarian assistance has reached the displaced populations so far. Communities are surviving on limited food carried during displacement and are sheltering under trees. Immediate needs include food, health services, emergency shelter and non-food items, as well as water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH). Immediate humanitarian assistance is required to address critical needs and prevent further deterioration of the situation. On 9 March, the HCT in South Sudan issued a statement expressing deep concern over the situation in Akobo County, Jonglei State, following the SSPDF directive on 6 March. Humanitarian partners reported significant cross‑border movements into Ethiopia as well as incidents of looting in Akobo town. The HCT urged all parties to refrain from military operations in populated areas and to resolve differences through dialogue. Also on 9 March, the UNMISS released a statement calling on all stakeholders to uphold the protection of civilians in Akobo. UNMISS warned that any military operations in and around the area pose serious risks to civilian safety and security and emphasized the need for dialogue. The Mission reaffirmed its commitment to maintaining a protective presence in Akobo and stressed that the safety and security of UN personnel, premises and assets must always be respected. On 9 March, the embassies of the United Kingdom, the United States of America and Norway (the Troika) urged President Salva Kiir to revoke the evacuation order issued by the SSPDF. According to media reports, the Troika conveyed in a letter that the order could place hundreds of thousands of civilians at risk and further exacerbate the already fragile humanitarian situation in Jonglei State. They reiterated their call for restraint, renewed commitment to peace and adherence to recent peace agreements. On 7 March, Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) announced the evacuation of its team from Akobo County in response to the Government evacuation order, leaving thousands without access to primary health care. The evacuation has halted preparations for the malaria season, routine vaccination activities and basic health services for both displaced people and host communities. MSF noted that the order reflects a broader pattern of attacks on health-care facilities. Since March 2025, MSF-supported facilities have experienced 12 security incidents, resulting in three hospital closures. Three additional attacks have already occurred in the first months of 2026. MSF reiterated calls for all parties to protect civilians, safeguard health facilities and ensure secure access to humanitarian assistance. The closure of Akobo Hospital is expected to leave approximately 200 women per month without skilled delivery care, including life‑saving obstetric services for an estimated 30 complicated deliveries. On 7 March, OCHA, the Deep Field Coordinator and humanitarian partners met with the Akobo County Commissioner, UNMISS (Indian Battalion) leadership, Ethiopian border authorities and local officials in Teirgol, Gambella Region, to discuss contingency planning and response options following ongoing insecurity. While access constraints persist, partners continue to monitor displacement patterns and coordinate with local authorities, UNMISS and Ethiopian officials. Prior to the SSPDF evacuation order, Akobo hosted an estimated 270,000 people, including many displaced people who relied on humanitarian assistance. Women and children represent more than half of the population. Reports from humanitarian partners indicate that an estimated 100,000 people crossed into Ethiopia since the SSPDF order was issued. Others have moved to neighbouring Upper Nile State, including about 9,000 people in Wanding Payam (Ulang) and approximately 3,500 people in Nasir County. Akobo’s broader population was at an estimated 270,000 prior to the order. Humanitarian organizations have also withdrawn from Akobo, with the first 29 staff relocated to Bor on 8 March. No humanitarian assistance has reached the displaced populations yet. In Bor, Jonglei, about 712 people were displaced across the state’s lines to Mingkaman in Lakes State. Reports also indicate widespread looting of markets, NGO compounds and Akobo Hospital, the main medical facility serving communities across the county and surrounding areas. A total of 25 medical staff and vulnerable patients were relocated to Juba with the rest of the patients self-relocating elsewhere due to the heightened tensions. The hospital now stands empty. Ninety-nine wells in the town have reportedly been destroyed or contaminated. HUMANITARIAN IMPACT AND NEEDS Cholera Outbreak: Between 4 March and 10 March, health partners reported a total of 101 new cholera cases and six deaths, representing a case fatality rate of 5.9 per cent. The new cases were recorded in Ayod (42), Duk (28), Yirol East (17), Bor South (6), Uror (5), Awerial (2) and Juba (1), with Bor South and Awerial marking a resurgence of infections. All six deaths resulted from severe dehydration and occurred in Ayod (5) and Uror (1). This brings the cumulative total to 100,646 cholera cases and 1,652 deaths across 55 counties in nine states and all three administrative areas since the outbreak began on 28 September 2024, indicating continued spread of the disease. Health facilities functionality: The health situation has deteriorated significantly in Akobo County. Of the 15 health facilities, seven are non-functional due to conflict-related damage, including Walgak PHCC, which was reportedly hit by an airstrike, and Tangnyang PHCC, which was vandalized during recent fighting. A key concern is waning disease immunity as vaccination campaigns are stalled or interrupted due to ongoing conflict while the threat of outbreaks of measles, cholera, meningitis and severe acute malnutrition persists. Widespread looting has been reported, including, NGO compounds and Akobo Hospital. NGO assets, including vehicles stored at the UNMISS temporary operating base, remain secure. UNFPA reported that approximately 25,000 dignity kits, along with unspecified protective health kits, were looted. OCHA and partners have initiated documentation of all looted items. Looming water crisis in Akobo: The looting and destruction of solar panels at Akobo's main water-pumping station has left the facility non-functional, severely disrupting access to safe water at a time of mass displacement and heightened vulnerability. The loss of this critical infrastructure compounds the humanitarian situation across Akobo County, where public facilities, including water systems, have been repeatedly targeted amid weeks of intensified conflict. Restoring the facility could take time and resources, raising concerns about access to clean water in an area with limited alternative water infrastructure. Humanitarian access: In February 2026, 72 humanitarian access incidents were reported, bringing the total to 134 incidents for January-February. Violence against humanitarian personnel and assets accounted for the largest share, with 52 incidents, while six incidents of active hostilities directly affected humanitarian operations. Four humanitarian workers were killed in Jonglei State. Seven staff were evacuated from Ulang County, Upper Nile, amid escalating clashes in Jonglei State, Upper Nile State and Unity State. The ongoing clashes between SSPDF and opposition forces in Akobo and Canal/Pigi (Jonglei) and Ulang and Nasir (Upper Nile) forced the relocation of at least 45 humanitarian staff between 5 and 8 March. IDP verification and registration: On 6 March, humanitarian partners conducted registration and verification of internally displaced persons (IDPs) across Akobo to ensure assistance reaches newly displaced and highly vulnerable communities. IOM led the registration in Bilkey Payam and surrounding bomas, targeting households recently affected by displacement; approximately 1,800 households would receive emergency shelter and non‑food items (NFIs). Community Initiative for Development Organization (CIDO) registered about 1,500 households in Dengjok and Nyandit payams which will receive materials for temporary shelter construction and reinforcement. Save the Children International (SCI) identified 481 previously unregistered households for assistance, who will receive cash support after registration. World Food Programme (WFP) pauses registration for assistance: On 4 March, WFP temporarily paused IDP registration in Akobo County, citing acute food shortages among the displaced communities. Before the pause, the verification team had registered 2,000 households (approximately 12,000 people) previously displaced from Walgak and Nyirol counties. An appropriate mode of assistance will be determined before moving forward. HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE AND CHALLENGES Logistics Cluster Dispatched First Convoy with Aid Supplies: On 11 March, the Logistics Cluster successfully dispatched its first convoy from Bor to Ayod and Nyirol counties. The convoy comprised seven trucks and one light vehicle, transporting 160 metric tonnes of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and nutrition supplies bound for Ayod, Mogok, Yuai, Pieri and Pathai. The mission encountered no bureaucratic impediments, following a successful WFP‑led access mission to the same locations the previous day. Local authorities in Ayod provided assurances regarding the safety and security of humanitarian personnel and aid recipients. Humanitarian teams also reported that civilians in Pagak and Magok payams had relocated to swampy areas for safety, while in Palouny and Pathai payams, widespread infrastructure damage was observed alongside efforts by affected communities to rebuild. Coordination with Ethiopia: OCHA South Sudan engaged with OCHA Ethiopia to share updates on the situation and support preparedness for a potential influx into Ethiopia. On 9 March, a Cluster Lead Agency (CLA) meeting in Addis Ababa discussed scenarios related to cross‑border population movements. Partners in Ethiopia highlighted concerns regarding limited government responsiveness and lack of clarity on refugee reception and registration arrangements. Partners reported that an estimated 100,000 people have relocated to Ethiopia. On 13 March, the Humanitarian Coordinators (HCs) for South Sudan and Ethiopia convened a meeting to share information and to strengthen coordination as a result of the latest impacts and situation in Akobo. CHALLENGES Access constraints persist in multiple locations: Akobo County remains completely inaccessible to humanitarians following the 6 March SSPDF order. In addition, humanitarian access to Lankien, Waat, Walgak, Boung, Wecjal and Kaikuiny remains restricted due to sporadic clashes, limiting the ability of partners to deliver assistance and conduct assessments. Population movements complicate beneficiary verification: Ongoing displacement from Akobo and other parts of Jonglei State and surrounding areas, coupled with limited communication networks, continues to hinder partners’ ability to verify beneficiary figures and update population data. FUNDING US Government allocates US$100 million through SSHF to scale up life‑saving assistance: The United States Government has allocated US$100 million through the South Sudan Humanitarian Fund (SSHF) Reserve Allocation to support rapid, life‑saving assistance for 1.3 million people facing the most severe humanitarian needs (severity levels 4 and 5 under the 2026 Humanitarian Needs and Response Plan). The allocation targets internally displaced people, refugees and vulnerable host communities across 18 priority counties in Upper Nile, Unity, Jonglei, Warrap, Northern Bahr el Ghazal, Eastern Equatoria and the Abyei Administrative Area. Funding will address severe acute malnutrition, critical protection risks and significant gaps in essential basic services. The allocation was launched on 4 March 2026 and project proposal review is ongoing.
FSIS Issues Public Health Alert For Frozen Ready-To-Eat Turkey Stuffed Pastry Products Due To Misbranding
WASHINGTON, March 13, 2026 - The U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is issuing a public health alert for frozen ready-to-eat turkey stuffed pastry products due...
Lidl US Issues Allergy Alert on Undeclared Hazelnuts in Favorina Chocolate Ladybugs - German-Style Nougat
Lidl US is recalling all lots of their Favorina Chocolate Ladybugs - German-Style Nougat 3.52 oz box UPC 20304492 due to undeclared hazelnut allergen. People who have allergies to hazelnuts run the risk of serious or life-threatening allergic reactions if they consume these products.
Middle East Conflict Exacerbates Health Crisis, WHO Warns of Dire Consequences
Escalating conflict across the Middle East is severely straining health systems, leading to thousands of casualties, widespread displacement, and attacks on medical facilities. The World Health Organization (WHO) highlights critical shortages of aid, soaring public health risks from crowded conditions, and environmental dangers, urging protection for civilians and unimpeded humanitarian access to avert further catastrophe.
World: Epidemic and emerging disease alerts in the Pacific as of 10 March 2026
Countries: World, Australia, Fiji, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Micronesia (Federated States of), New Caledonia (France), New Zealand, Samoa, Tokelau, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna (France) Source: Pacific Community Please refer to the attached Map. Highlights/updates since the last map was sent on PacNet on 03 March 2026: Dengue New Caledonia: As of 05 March 2026, dengue activity continues to intensify in New Caledonia, with 179 cases reported since 1 January 2026. This includes 151 confirmed and 24 probable locally acquired cases, alongside three confirmed imported cases (from Sierra Leone and Tahiti) and one clinical case. DENV‑1 remains the predominant serotype among locally acquired cases, while DENV‑2 was identified in one imported case. The mean age of cases is approximately 27 years, with a slight female predominance (sex‑ratio H/F: 0.8). Ten cases have required hospitalisation. Most patients have since been discharged, with one patient remaining hospitalised. A total of 23 municipalities have reported cases, with an overall incidence rate of 66 per 100,000 inhabitants. The highest incidence rates have been observed in Thio, Pouébo, Poya, Ouégoa, and Hienghène, indicating significant transmission in the northern and eastern parts of the territory. Health authorities continue enhanced surveillance, vector control activities, and public health messaging, particularly during the current hot and rainy season, which is conducive to mosquito proliferation. The blue alert for DENV-1 remains in effect. – Sources: Vigilance DASS Dengue 2026-#4 shared with PPHSN Coordinating Body Focal point on 10 March 2026 & La dengue | Direction des Affaires Sanitaires et Sociales de Nouvelle-Calédonie accessed on 10 March 2026. Measles Australia: Measles activity in Australia continues in early 2026, largely driven by imported cases and subsequent local transmission. As of 03 March, New South Wales (NSW) has reported 23 cases since 1 January 2026, including a recently confirmed case in Western Sydney with no identifiable source of infection, indicating likely ongoing community transmission. In Queensland as of 02 March, eleven cases have been reported in 2026, including six overseas‑acquired and five locally acquired cases. The majority of local cases have been epidemiologically linked to a single imported case, although one case remains under investigation. Public health authorities continue to issue exposure alerts and emphasise vaccination and early case detection to limit further spread. The red alert for measles in Australia remains in effect. – Sources: Measles alert for Western Sydney, Notifiable conditions reports: Summary information | Queensland Health and National Communicable Diseases Surveillance Dashboard accessed on 10 March 2026. Pertussis/Whooping cough New Zealand: Pertussis activity in New Zealand shows a continued gradual decline in weekly notifications, although transmission remains ongoing nationally. As of the week ending 27 February 2026, 28 cases were reported, down from 40 cases the previous week, bringing the total reported cases for 2026 to 406. The blue alert for pertussis remains in effect. – Source: Pertussis dashboard accessed on 10 March 2026. Vanuatu: As of 2 March 2026, pertussis transmission in Vanuatu continues to show an overall declining trend compared with the peak observed in late 2025. However, the outbreak remains ongoing. In EpiWeek 09, 2026, two new pertussis cases were reported, both from Tanna and requiring hospitalisation. One of these hospitalisations occurred in EpiWeek 08 following data verification, while the second was hospitalised in EpiWeek 09. Both patients were discharged during the reporting week. The cumulative total has increased to 807 cases since the outbreak was declared on 18 August 2025 (777 clinically diagnosed and 30 laboratory‑confirmed), with 67 hospitalisations reported to date. No new pertussis-associated deaths were reported during this period, and the cumulative number of deaths remains at seven, including six in Tanna and one in Shefa Province. Cases continue to occur across all age groups, with the highest proportions among children aged 1–9 years. The sex distribution does not indicate a clear predominance in any age group. Geographically, pertussis activity remains concentrated in Efate (approximately 54%) and Tanna (38%). A smaller cluster has been observed in Futuna (around 8%), along with a single reported case from Erromango. Although the number of cases reported each week is decreasing, the level of transmission is still higher than the outbreak threshold. The blue alert for pertussis remains in effect. – Source: Vanuatu Pertussis Outbreak: Situation Report 14 (02 March 2026) shared on PacNet on 09 March 2026. Rotavirus Kiribati: The rotavirus outbreak in Kiribati has continued to expand rapidly, with 2,962 diarrhoeal cases reported as of 08 March 2026, more than doubling since the previous reporting period. Laboratory testing has confirmed ongoing rotavirus transmission, with a high positivity rate reported (approximately 80%). Transmission remains widespread across South Tarawa with Betio reporting the highest number of cases. Recent cases are being reported from nearby outer islands. Children under five years of age continue to be the most affected group, although cases have been reported across a wide age range, from as young as six days to 87 years. A total of 49 patients have required hospitalisation, predominantly among paediatric cases. Two suspected deaths have been reported and are currently under investigation. Extended clinic operating hours and decentralised service delivery continue to be implemented to reduce pressure on hospital services, while laboratory confirmation and monitoring of disease severity remain priorities. The red alert for Rotavirus remains in effect. – Source: Rota Virus Outbreak Situational Report 7 shared with PPHSN Coordinating Body Focal point on 09 March 2026. Other Information: Ciguatera Vanuatu: As of 2 March 2026, ciguatera fish poisoning activity in Vanuatu remains ongoing, with case numbers staying above the alert threshold since EpiWeek 06. Between EpiWeek 07 and EpiWeek 09 of 2026, seven new ciguatera cases were reported nationally, increasing the cumulative total to 55 cases since the start of the year. No deaths or hospitalisations were reported during this period, and all previously hospitalised cases have since been discharged. Males comprised 62% of reported cases. Most cases occurred among people aged 15–34 years, with fewer cases reported among adults aged 35 years and over. The majority of cases were linked to the consumption of unspecified “other” fish, with additional cases associated with Karosol fish, red fish, and reef fish. Geographically, cases were reported across seven islands, with Efate accounting for the largest proportion (64%). – Source: Vanuatu Ciguatera Situation Report 2 shared on PacNet on 09 March 2026. Dengue New Zealand: In New Zealand (NZ), during EpiWeek 09 (28 February – 06 March 2026), 14 confirmed imported dengue cases, five probable cases and two cases under investigation were reported. Among confirmed cases with a travel history, 62% had returned from the Cook Islands, 23% from Samoa, the remaining case had travelled to American Samoa and Indonesia. The 5 probable cases had been to the Cook Islands (60%) and Fiji (40%). Given the known serological cross‑reactivity between dengue and other flaviviruses, some reported dengue cases may ultimately be reclassified as other flavivirus infections as epidemiological and laboratory investigations continue. – Source: NZ Arbovirus Notifications by Country (09: 28/02/2026–06/03/2026) shared with PPHSN Coordinating Body Focal point on 09 March 2026. Tokelau: In February 2026, Atafu Atoll in Tokelau reported four confirmed dengue cases, marking a recurrence of dengue activity previously seen in 2023. The first case involved a 22-year-old woman identified in the second week of February, followed by three further cases, with the final case confirmed on 22 February. As of 06 March 2026, no additional cases have been detected. Health authorities responded by conducting community awareness activities, indoor and outdoor spraying, and are maintaining close surveillance of the situation. – Sources: Tokelau Health Department Facebook page accessed on 10 March 2026 and communication with focal point on 06 March 2026. Measles Haiwai’i: The Hawaiʻi Department of Health has confirmed a measles case in a vaccinated adult visitor to Oʻahu who became ill after arriving from a U.S. region with known measles transmission and is now recovering in isolation. Public health authorities are conducting contact tracing and have identified multiple potential exposure locations on Oʻahu and Hawaiʻi Island, while issuing airline and medical advisories. The DOH urges unvaccinated or partially vaccinated individuals who may have been exposed to monitor for symptoms, seek medical advice promptly. – Source: MEASLES CASE CONFIRMED IN VISITOR ON OʻAHU_News Releases from Department of Health. accessed on 10 March 2026 Norovirus Federated States of Micronesia: Norovirus transmission remains ongoing in Pohnpei State, with 14 cumulative cases reported as of 06 March 2026, including two new cases since the previous update (27 February). The outbreak was first detected on 28 January 2026. Most cases (64%) have occurred among children under five years of age, with cases ranging in age from 4 months to 57 years. A high proportion of cases (86%) have required hospitalisation. Two deaths have been reported to date, both among hospitalised paediatric cases. Cases are geographically dispersed across Pohnpei, with the highest number reported from Kitti municipality. Laboratory investigations confirm ongoing norovirus transmission, with co‑detection of other gastrointestinal pathogens suggesting possible mixed infections. Monitoring of vulnerable populations, particularly infants and young children, remains a priority as the situation continues to be closely followed. – Source: Norovirus Outbreak Report No.3 shared with PPHSN Coordinating Body Focal point on 06 March 2026. Pertussis/Whooping cough Federated States of Micronesia: Pertussis activity continues in Pohnpei State, with 28 cumulative cases reported as of 05 March 2026, including eight new cases identified since the previous update (26 February 2026). Of the cumulative cases, 13 are laboratory confirmed and 15 are suspected. Most cases have occurred among adults, although a small number of paediatric cases have been reported, including one newly identified case in a nine-year-old child. Vaccination coverage remains low, with most affected children and adults reported as unvaccinated. Cases are geographically dispersed across the state, with the highest number reported from Madolenihmw municipality. No hospitalisations or deaths have been reported to date. Laboratory testing confirms continued circulation of Bordetella pertussis, with concurrent detection of other respiratory pathogens. Public health authorities continue enhanced surveillance and case investigation, contact tracing, and risk communication activities. Vaccination promotion efforts remain a key focus, particularly among frontline health workers, close contacts, and populations at increased risk, as response activities are ongoing. – Source: Pertussis Situation Report, Issue no. 6 shared with PPHSN Coordinating Body Focal point on 06 March 2026. Guam: As of 04 March 2026, pertussis activity has been reported in Guam, with the Department of Public Health and Social Services (DPHSS) confirming one new laboratory‑confirmed pertussis case on 4 March 2026. This brings the total number of confirmed pertussis cases reported in Guam to four in 2026. Epidemiological investigation and contact tracing have been initiated to identify the source of exposure, while respiratory illness trends continue to be monitored across the island. – Sources: Guam Department of Public Health and Social Services_Official Facebook page and Guam Communicable Disease Dashboard accessed on 10 March 2026.
Sudan declares an end to its cholera outbreak
Country: Sudan Source: World Health Organization 8 March 2026, Port Sudan, Sudan – On 3 March 2026, Sudan declared the end of the cholera outbreak following no report of cases for 48 days – longer than the 2 full incubation periods of 10 days without reported cases that are required before declaring an end to an outbreak. The last case was reported on 14 January 2026. Cholera cases were first detected in Kassala State in late July 2024, prompting the Federal Ministry of Health to declare an outbreak in August 2024. The disease subsequently spread to all 18 states, infecting 124 418 people and resulting in 3573 deaths. The outbreak was driven by disruptions to water and sanitation systems, population displacement, flooding and limited access to health care services. “Sudan’s health leadership, health care workers and WHO teams fought hard and long to contain the outbreak in the midst of a complex humanitarian emergency with an extremely challenging operational context,” said WHO Representative to Sudan and Head of Mission Dr Shible Sahbani. “We are able to celebrate the end of the outbreak today thanks to the sustained multisectoral response and coordinated efforts of all stakeholders.” The outbreak was contained as a result of sustained surveillance and coordinated response efforts. WHO supported and coordinated the response alongside the Federal Ministry of Health. Surveillance was strengthened, rapid response teams and mobile laboratories deployed, supplies for cholera detection and treatment and vaccines provided, access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) improved and community engagement campaigns undertaken. Since the beginning of the outbreak, vaccination efforts have protected more than 23 million people, contributing significantly to interrupting transmission in affected and high‑risk areas. “As with all health responses in Sudan’s current complex situation, managing the cholera outbreak was challenging and pushed our teams and partners to their limits,” said H.E. the Federal Minister of Health Dr Haitham Ibrahim. “We have overcome this through strong coordination and the dedication of our teams across the country. We have documented these lessons and are now better prepared for future outbreaks.” Nearly 3 years of conflict in Sudan have severely disrupted essential services, including WASH and health care, damaging the health system and creating conditions conducive to cholera transmission. Cholera is an acute diarrhoeal illness caused by ingesting contaminated food or water. A global public health threat, cholera reflects underlying inequities and gaps in social and economic development. Ensuring access to safe water, sanitation and hygiene is vital to preventing cholera and other waterborne diseases. With over half of Sudan’s population – 33.7 million people – in need of humanitarian assistance, 21 million requiring health support and 13.6 million displaced, the risk of cholera and other waterborne diseases is high. Lessons learned from the outbreak and strengthened recovery and health system rehabilitation efforts are critical to improve preparedness and response to future health threats. WHO is committed to supporting surveillance, reporting, capacity building and pre‑positioning supplies in high‑risk areas. This requires safe and unhindered access to all parts of Sudan and sustained funding for prevention and response efforts. The declaration of the end of the cholera outbreak in Sudan marks an important public health milestone achieved through coordinated national leadership and strong partner support.
oPt: Braving conflict to protect children from polio in Gaza: women at the frontline of the response
Country: occupied Palestinian territory Source: World Health Organization 8 March 2026 – In July 2024, amid ongoing conflict and widespread displacement in the Gaza Strip, variant poliovirus – with links to poliovirus found in Egypt – was detected in wastewater in Khan Younis and Deir al Balah for the first time in more than 25 years. Poliovirus was then confirmed in a 10-month-old child in Gaza who had never received any vaccines. Immunization had been on hold in Gaza since the conflict began. This triggered an urgent public health response. Under the leadership of the Ministry of Health, and with support from WHO and partners, health workers mobilized to vaccinate hundreds of thousands of children against a disease that can cause lifelong paralysis. Behind this complex operation were countless individuals working under extraordinary conditions, among them 4 women whose leadership, determination and commitment – despite conflict, insecurity and personal loss – helped ensure that children in Gaza received protection against polio. Dr Ola El Najjar, Director of the Noncommunicable Disease Department, Ministry of Health In October 2023, during the first week of the conflict in the Gaza Strip, Dr Ola El Najjar lost 16 members of her family, including her parents, siblings and their children. Her home was bombed and belongings stolen and she was forced to flee with her husband and 4 young children. In the face of devastating personal loss, she remained determined to protect children from polio – a preventable disease. When she heard about the polio outbreak Dr Ola was determined to take action, even though this meant leaving her own children at home amid the insecurity. Destroyed roads and no power or internet were among the challenges she faced as she oversaw vaccination campaigns as a municipal supervisor actively involved in microplanning and coordination with partners. Dr Ola led vaccination activities in Gaza City. Even after the fragile ‘hours of peace’ set aside during the humanitarian pause for vaccination campaigns had ended, she and her colleagues stayed behind to collate data, knowing the journey home could be risky. Reflecting on why the campaigns were effective, Dr Ola says the presence of women alongside men in the vaccination and social mobilization teams were among the reasons that helped ensure better outreach to mothers and children. Dr Yara Alhajahmed, Surveillance Officer, WHO occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) During the third round of the polio vaccination campaign in February 2025, Dr Yara Alhajahmed spent her days moving through Gaza City, monitoring vaccine carriers, tally sheets and mobile teams. In the evenings, she attended to essential logistics, including arranging additional supplies for the following day. Amid the many challenges she faced one memory, of a 9-year-old boy living in a school that served as a shelter at night and a temporary vaccination centre during the day, stands out. It still brings a smile to her face. “He took it upon himself to knock on all the doors in his neighbourhood to ensure caregivers brought every child under 10 years of age for vaccination,” says Dr Yara. At a time when survival often took priority over everything, Dr Yara witnessed vaccinators going beyond the call of duty. In one area where underserved Bedouin families were living, bordering another area that required special coordination for access, a female vaccinator worked closely with social mobilizers to ensure that every child received the vaccine, bringing hope to the children and families she served. In addition to vaccination-related work, Dr Yara and her colleagues joined other partners to support the Health Ministry set up a unified surveillance system for 16 diseases and conditions across the Gaza Strip. Their ongoing work entails onboarding facilities, training staff, verifying alerts and analysing data to enable timely, evidence-based public health action. This helped strengthen health systems at a time when most efforts were focused on responding to immediate emergencies. Dr Refqa Skaik, Surveillance Officer, WHO oPt During the polio vaccination campaign, Dr Refqa Skaik worked across Deir al Balah (the Middle Area) and Khan Younis, coordinating teams, supplies and partners. In the course of her work, she noticed the extraordinary commitment of both health workers and families. She watched as caregivers set aside their fears to protect their children from a preventable, paralysing disease, and how they continued to trust health workers when nothing else felt safe. Reflecting on women’s roles in the response, Dr Refqa noted that young female doctors sometimes had to work harder to build trust with families and demonstrate their expertise, using careful explanations and evidence-based discussions. Despite everything the children had witnessed, she also observed moments of joy during the vaccination efforts — a child proudly showing a little finger marked with purple ink after vaccination, a cameraman sharing a kind word. For Dr Refqa, these small moments revealed children’s ability to find joy in the harshest conditions. “Parents couldn’t protect their children from airstrikes or hunger,” she reflects. “But they believed they could protect them from polio, and they did.” Dr Mona Farid Mohammad Abu Omar, Nursing Supervisor, Rafah Health Directorate, Ministry of Health During the 3 campaigns rolled out as part of the polio outbreak response in Gaza, Dr Mona Farid Abu Omar took on 2 roles, as field supervisor in the Middle Area and manager of vaccines and logistics in Al-Qarara and Abasan Al-Kabira Primary Health Centre. Of the 2 roles, she preferred managing vaccines and logistics, which required strong leadership: to guide teams, ensure the availability of supplies, coordinate activities, prepare reports and maintain accountability. It was a role that placed her at the centre of both health worker teams and the communities they served. Working close to areas that needed special coordination for access, mornings often began with quiet but palpable tension as she prepared for the day ahead. Yet whatever challenges she faced, she remained determined that no delay would prevent a child from receiving protection. “Our mission was stronger than fear,” she said. “There were moments of concern, but we remained focused, following safety protocols and supporting one another as a team. Being part of the response strengthened my resilience and reaffirmed my belief that women can lead and serve courageously, even in the most difficult contexts.”
World: Statement of the Forty-fourth Meeting of the Polio IHR Emergency Committee (4 March 2026)
Country: World Source: World Health Organization Please refer to the attached file. The 44th meeting of the Emergency Committee under the International Health Regulations (IHR or Regulations) on the international spread of poliovirus was convened by the WHO Director-General on 14 January 2026 with eight out of nine Committee members and the adviser meeting via video conference with affected countries, supported by the WHO Secretariat. The Emergency Committee reviewed the latest epidemiological data on wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) and circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPV) in the context of the global targets to interrupt endemic WPV1 transmission in 2026 and to stop cVDPV2 outbreaks by 2028 with subsequent certification of WPV1 eradication and cVDPV2 elimination. Technical updates were received about the situation in the following countries: Afghanistan, Angola, Germany, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Namibia, Pakistan and Papua New Guinea. Amendments to the IHR, adopted by the Seventy-seventh World Health Assembly, through resolution WHA77.17 in June 2024, entered into force, generally, on 19 September 2025.. Key amendments to the IHR include, inter alia, broader poliovirus notification requirements; the introduction of the determination of “pandemic emergency” , a higher level of global public health alert with respect to a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC); measures to strengthen equitable access to relevant health products; and recognition of health documents in non-digital and digital formats. Wild poliovirus Since the last Emergency Committee meeting on 1 October 2025, nine new WPV1 cases have been reported from the two endemic countries, Afghanistan (5) and Pakistan (4). The cases in Afghanistan were reported from the South and East Regions of the country, while in Pakistan the cases were reported from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Sindh provinces. In 2025 to date, 40 WPV1 cases have been reported: nine in Afghanistan and 31 in Pakistan. This compares to 99 WPV1 cases reported in all of 2024. For environmental surveillance, a total of 673 WPV1 positive samples have been reported so far in 2025 (64 from Afghanistan, 608 from Pakistan and one from Germany). This compares to 741 positive environmental samples reported during all of 2024 (113 from Afghanistan and 628 from Pakistan). It is important to note that land border closures between Afghanistan and Pakistan have disrupted the shipment of AFP and environmental surveillance samples to the Regional Reference Laboratory in Islamabad, Pakistan since 12 October 2025. As a result, a substantial backlog of untested samples has accumulated. Efforts are underway by WHO and Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI) to resume shipments and accelerate testing, noting that results from pending samples may lead to changes in the current epidemiological assessment. The Committee noted with concern the ongoing WPV1 transmission in both endemic countries, particularly along the southern (South Afghanistan – Quetta Block) and central (Northwest Pakistan/South Khyber Pakhtunkhwa – Southeast Afghanistan) cross-border epidemiological corridors. In Pakistan, WPV1 continues to be detected in environmental samples across all the four major provinces. Transmission remains most intense in South Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), as indicated by continued reporting of WPV1 cases and positive environmental isolates. Although Karachi in Sindh Province has not reported any WPV1 cases in 2025, ongoing detections in environmental samples, which are mostly genetically linked, indicate continued transmission within the city. A decline in both WPV1 cases and environmental detections has been observed in 2025 in the Quetta and Peshawar blocs. Active WPV1 transmission is also being detected in 2025 in Lahore, Punjab Province, and several districts within the Central Pakistan epidemiological block. In Afghanistan, intense transmission continues in the southern region, detected through both acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) and environmental surveillance. WPV1 transmission in Afghanistan’s eastern region has declined significantly in 2025, indicating improvement in population immunity. Regarding molecular epidemiology, there has been an overall decrease in genetic biodiversity between 2020 and 2023. However, an increase in the genetic biodiversity was observed in 2024, necessitating a split of two genetic clusters into eight genetic clusters, three of which are active in 2025. The remaining chains of transmission continue to circulate in populations and geographies with persistently low immunization coverage, including the bordering districts of the southern and northern epidemiological corridors across the two endemic countries. Evidence of shared cross-border transmission between the two WPV1-endemic countries was documented as recently as September 2025. Afghanistan and Pakistan continue to implement an intensive and mostly synchronized campaign schedule, with a focus on achieving high vaccination coverage in core reservoirs and ensuring timely, effective response to WPV1 detections in other areas of each country. Afghanistan implemented two nationwide and five sub-national polio vaccination rounds in 2025. Additionally, targeted fractional IPV campaigns were implemented in the high-risk areas of the East, South, and Southeast Regions between August and September 2025. Pakistan implemented five nationwide and one sub-national vaccination in 2025. Moreover, bOPV was integrated into the measles campaign in high-risk areas of the country in December 2025, and targeted fractional dose IPV campaigns were implemented in Karachi, Quetta Bloc and Lahore. In Afghanistan, campaigns are being conducted using the site-to-site strategy, with focused efforts to strengthen operational and communication approaches to maximize coverage of target children under this modality. House-to-house campaigns have not been implemented since October 2024 due to security concerns, limiting full campaign access to all children; at the same time, the overall inclusion of women as vaccination health workers remains very low. The Committee expressed concern that, in the absence of house-to-house campaigns and with limited participation of women health workers, site-to-site campaigns often fail to reach all children, particularly younger children, which could contribute to further geographic spread within Afghanistan and beyond. The Committee noted with appreciation the strong leadership and high-level commitment to polio eradication in Pakistan at all levels, including the direct engagement of the Prime Minister, the Federal Minister for Health, and the Prime Minister’s Focal Person for Polio Eradication. The Committee also acknowledged the consistently high reported coverage and Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) pass rates at the national and provincial levels. However, the Committee observed that the quality at district level remains variable and inconsistent, including in several critical areas such as Quetta Bloc, South KP and the Central Pakistan Bloc, attributed to operational challenges and prevailing insecurity, particularly in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Balochistan provinces. The programme in Pakistan is facing substantial challenges in consistently and effectively reaching all target children in South KP, which is currently experiencing the most intense WPV1 transmission in the country, with an estimated more than 250,000 children reportedly unreached, primarily due to access constraints driven by insecurity. The Committee noted the continued detection of WPV1 in Karachi despite high reported vaccination coverage during recent campaigns. The recently conducted programme audit in Karachi concluded that the current systems and the quality of available programme data do not provide a sufficiently accurate picture of campaign quality to identify problems and guide programme decisions, and that more children are being missed than programme data currently indicate. The potential scale of missed children and the over estimation of coverage are sufficient to explain the persistence of WPV1 transmission in the Karachi Bloc. The Committee noted that the low transmission season from December 2025 to May 2026 presents an important opportunity to consolidate the gains achieved in the Peshawar Bloc and Quetta Bloc of Pakistan, as well as in Eastern Afghanistan. Substantial and sustained efforts will be required during this period to reverse the concerning epidemiological situation in South KP and Karachi in Pakistan, and in Southern Afghanistan. The Committee reinforced that full access to all children in both countries, particularly in key high-risk geographies, and the implementation of high-quality polio vaccination campaigns during the low transmission season will be critical to stopping WPV1 transmission in Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Committee emphasized that Afghanistan, ideally, should implement nationwide house to house campaigns to accelerate progress towards stopping WPV1 transmission. However, in the current context where such campaigns are not being implemented, the programme must maximize the reach and effectiveness of site-to-site campaigns through robust operational planning and strengthened social mobilization strategies. Stopping WPV1 transmission in Pakistan will require translating strong political and programmatic commitment at the national level into functional access to all children everywhere, and high-quality implementation of vaccination plans, in line with the recommendations of the Technical Advisory Group, during the low transmission season. Particular focus will be needed on core reservoirs and areas of persistent transmission. The Committee reinforced that Afghanistan and Pakistan constitute a single epidemiological bloc for the purposes of polio eradication. Despite an apparent reduction in cross border WPV1 transmission in 2025, associated with decreased population movement, the risk of shared transmission remains high. It therefore remains essential that both country programmes, with support from the GPEI, maintain strong cross border coordination at national and subnational levels and continue efforts towards synchronized programme implementation, particularly in border areas. Both countries should also maintain coordination on reaching and vaccinating populations moving across the border, including undocumented migrants returning from Pakistan to Afghanistan, which compound the programme’s operational challenges. On 10 November 2025, the GPEI confirmed the detection of wild poliovirus type 1 (WPV1) in an environmental sample collected through routine surveillance in Hamburg, Germany, on 7 October 2025. Genetic sequencing indicates that this WPV1 detection is linked to WPV1 previously identified in Kandahar, Afghanistan, in August 2025, suggesting a recent importation into Germany. An environmental sample collected from the same site on 13 October 2025 also showed the presence of WPV1. No further WPV1 detections have been reported in subsequent environmental samples collected after 13 October 2025. This event underscores that, until polio is eradicated globally, all countries remain at risk of poliovirus importation. It highlights the critical importance of maintaining high vaccination coverage, strong disease surveillance, and international cooperation to achieve and sustain a polio free world. In summary, available data indicate that global WPV1 transmission remains geographically confined to the two endemic countries. However, during 2024 and 2025, there has been geographic spread alongside continued transmission within core reservoir areas in both the endemic countries. There has also been detection of WPV1 in wastewater in Germany (October 2025), underscoring the ongoing risk of wider international spread. Circulating vaccine derived polioviruses (cVDPV) In 2025 (as of 31 December), a total of 202 cVDPV cases and 218 environmental detections were reported globally across 27 countries. Of the 202 cVDPV cases, 192 are cVDPV2, seven are cVDPV3, and three are cVDPV1 cases. Of the 218 positive environmental samples in 2025, 12 tested positive for cVDPV1, 197 for cVDPV2 and nine environmental samples that tested positive for both cVDPV1 and cVDPV2. This compares to 463 cVDPV cases (448 cVDPV2, 11 cVDPV1, and four cVDPV3) and 293 environmental detections of cVDPV from 38 countries during all of 2024. Nigeria in the African Region reported the highest number of cVDPV2 cases in 2025 (53), representing 28% of the global cVDPV2 case load. This is followed by Ethiopia in the African Region with 40, and Yemen in the Eastern Mediterranean Region with 30 cVDPV2 cases. Together, these three countries constitute 64% of the global cVDPV2 case load in 2025. Algeria, Djibouti, Israel, and Democratic Republic of Congo have reported co-circulation of cVDPV1 and cVDPV2 in 2025, while Guinea, Chad, and Cameroon reported co-circulating cVDPV2 and cVDPV3. Since the last Emergency Committee meeting, Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) reported a cVDPV1 outbreak, and Namibia reported a cVDPV2 outbreak. Response is underway in both these countries. A total of 30 unique cVDPV2 emergence groups have been detected in 2025 (as of 31 December), compared with 31 in 2024 and 28 in 2023. Of the 30 emergence groups identified in 2025, 13 are newly detected in 2025; 12 derived from novel OPV2, while the origin of one remains under investigation. Since its introduction in 2021, more than 2 billion doses of nOPV2 have been administered and a total of 42 cVDPV2 emergences have been associated with it. The Committee noted that nOPV2 continues to demonstrate significantly greater genetic stability and a substantially lower risk of reversion to neurovirulence compared to Sabin OPV2. More than 80% of cVDPV2-affected countries have interrupted outbreaks with three or fewer SIAs using nOPV2. In 2025 (as of 31 December), three cVDPV1 cases have been reported, one each from Algeria, the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Lao People’s Democratic Republic. In addition, cVDPV1 outbreaks were reported in Djibouti and Israel, based on environmental surveillance detections (ten detections each from Djibouti and Israel). Three countries, Cameroon, Chad, and Guinea, reported cVDPV3 outbreaks in 2025. Cameroon and Chad were affected by co-circulation of cVDPV types 2 and 3. Notably, the same cVDPV3 emergence caused the outbreaks in both countries, indicating cross-border transmission. The Committee noted that although global transmission of cVDPV1 and cVDPV3 remains at lower levels compared to cVDPV2, the upward trend observed in 2025 is a concern. This underscores the critical importance of sustaining high population immunity against type 1 and type 3 polioviruses through robust routine immunization, as well as ensuring timely and high-quality response activities in the event of any detections. The Committee noted that the risk of cVDPV outbreaks is largely driven by a combination of inaccessibility, insecurity, high concentrations of zero-dose and under-immunized children, and ongoing population displacement. Conclusion The Committee unanimously concluded that the risk of international spread of polioviruses continues to constitute a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and recommended extending the Temporary Recommendations for a further three months. The Committee, after a thorough review of the epidemiological and programmatic situation, unanimously concluded that the event does not constitute a pandemic emergency. In reaching the conclusion that the risk of international spread of poliovirus continues to constitute a PHEIC, the Committee considered the following factors: Ongoing risk of WPV1 international spread The Committee noted that the risk of international spread of WPV1 persists due to the following factors: Ongoing WPV1 transmission in the core reservoirs, particularly in the southern region of Afghanistan and Karachi and South KP in Pakistan. Geographical expansion and established transmission of WPV1 in epidemiologically critical areas, including Central Pakistan and parts of Punjab Province, particularly Lahore. Persistent inconsistencies in campaign quality and a substantial number of unimmunized and under-immunized children in some key areas, driven by access constraints due to insecurity (e.g. South KP, South Afghanistan), sub-optimal operational performance (e.g. site-to-site vaccination modality in Afghanistan and uneven quality in parts of Pakistan), and vaccine hesitancy in certain communities (e.g. South KP, Quetta Block, Southeast Afghanistan), all contributing to gaps in the population immunity. Ongoing population movement between the two endemic countries, including the returnees from Pakistan to Afghanistan, leading to continued risk of cross-border WPV1 transmission. Population movement from the two endemic countries to other neighbouring and distant countries, demonstrating risk of international spread (recent example: Germany). Ongoing risk of cVDPV international spread Based on the following factors, the risk of international spread of cVDPV appears to remain high: Continued cVDPV2 transmission in Lake Chad Basin, particularly in high-risk areas of Nigeria and Chad, with continued potential for amplification of spread. Ongoing cVDPV2 transmission in the Horn of Africa, including Somalia, Ethiopia, and Yemen. The Horn of Africa countries continue to experience overlapping humanitarian and health emergencies, making it challenging to implement high-quality vaccination campaigns in a timely manner. A large pool of unimmunized and susceptible children in the northern governorates of Yemen (more than 4.5 million children aged less than five years), where a proper OPV response to the ongoing cVDPV2 outbreak has not yet been implemented due to insecurity and lack of access. Challenges also persist regarding timely shipment of AFP stool specimens from these areas. Full access to all children in Nigeria, southern and central Somalia also remains a significant challenge. A widening gap in intestinal mucosal immunity among young children since the global withdrawal of OPV2 in 2016, as well as high concentration of zero dose children in certain areas. New cVDPV1 outbreaks in Algeria, Djibouti, Lao People's Democratic Republic, and Israel, and cVDPV3 outbreaks in Cameroon, Chad and Guinea indicate continued low routine immunization and IPV coverage in several countries and associated immunity gap. The risk of new and expanding cVDPV1 and cVDPV3 outbreaks appears to have increased in 2025. Ongoing cross-border transmission, including spread into newly re-infected countries and territories, with Lao People's Democratic Republic and Namibia reporting new cVDPV1 and cVDPV2 outbreaks, respectively. Additional contributing factors include: Sub-optimal routine immunization: Many countries have weak immunization systems that can be further impacted by humanitarian emergencies including conflict, protracted complex emergencies and lack of political commitment. This growing vulnerability leaves populations in fragile states at increased risk of polio outbreaks. Ongoing insecurity and conflict in several areas that serve as persistent source of cVDPV transmission. Lack of access: Inaccessibility remains a major risk, particularly in northern Yemen and Somalia, where sizable populations have remained unreached with polio vaccine for extended periods of more than a year. The current resource-constrained environment further challenges the full and effective implementation of critical eradication activities. Risk categories The Committee provided the Director-General with the following advice aimed at reducing the risk of international spread of WPV1 and cVDPVs, based on the risk stratification as follows: States infected with WPV1, cVDPV1 or cVDPV3. States infected with cVDPV2, with or without evidence of local transmission. States previously infected by WPV1 or cVDPV within the last 24 months (last detection > 13 months). Criteria to assess States as no longer infected by WPV1 or cVDPV: Poliovirus Case: 12 months after the date of onset of the most recent case PLUS one month to account for case detection, investigation, laboratory testing and reporting period OR when all reported AFP cases with onset within 12 months of last case have been tested for polio and excluded for WPV1 or cVDPV, and environmental or other samples collected within 12 months of the last case have also tested negative, whichever is the longer. Environmental or other isolation of WPV1 or cVDPV (no poliovirus case): 12 months after collection of the most recent positive environmental or other sample (such as from a healthy child) PLUS one month to account for the laboratory testing and reporting period. These criteria may be varied for the WPV1 endemic countries and countries with longstanding persistent polio outbreaks, where more rigorous assessment is needed in reference to surveillance quality. Once a country meets these criteria as no longer infected, the country will remain on a ‘watch list’ for a further 12 months as a period of heightened monitoring. After this period, the country will no longer be subject to Temporary Recommendations.
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