Current Perspectives on Bacterial and Viral Brood Diseases of <i>Apis cerana indica</i> in India: Prevalence, Diagnostics, and Management Strategies.

Abstract

The beekeeping industry in India predominantly relies on the Indian honey bee, <i>Apis cerana indica</i>. It is a crucial pollinator and was the only domesticated species before the 1960s. This reflects a near-complete dependence on this species for agricultural productivity. It remains dominant among small and rural beekeepers due to its adaptability and low input needs. Despite lower yields (8-15&#xa0;kg vs 30-60&#xa0;kg in <i>Apis mellifera</i>), it plays a key role in pollination, supporting nearly 75% of major crops. Maintaining bee health is fundamental to successful beekeeping, as brood diseases caused by bacterial and viral pathogens significantly impair colony vitality, leading to substantial losses. Factors such as social behavior, close interactions within colonies, certain handling practices, and international honey trade contribute to the rapid spread of these diseases. While symptoms of bacterial and viral brood infections are often visible, timely and accurate diagnosis is essential to prevent disease dissemination from the initial source of inoculum. This review comprehensively summarizes the prevalence, diagnostic approaches, and management strategies for bacterial and viral brood diseases affecting honey bees, with an emphasis on both conventional and cutting-edge molecular techniques including PCR and NGS. By exploring pathogen identification at different developmental stages and highlighting recent advancements in disease detection, this review provides valuable insights for beekeepers and researchers. Ultimately, it aims to update and enhance current knowledge on brood pathogens to promote sustainable management practices in Indian apiculture.