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स्क्रिनमा देखिने चुरोट: सुर्तीजन्य हानि न्यूनीकरण नीतिमा दक्षिण एसियाले अझै के छुटाइरहेको छनेपालमा पिसाब नलीको संक्रमण र एन्टिबायोटिक प्रतिरोधको बढ्दो संकटFrontline Perspectives on Nursing Leadership in NepalProtecting the Smallest Lungs from the Hidden Grip of RSV in KathmanduThe Heavy Burden of Bullying on Student Wellbeing in NepalThe Emerging Landscape of Thyroid Health in Central NepalHow a Recent Western Nepal Study is Redefining Anemia DiagnosisHow H. Pylori is Impacting the Health of Karnali’s High-Altitude CommunitiesSweet Poison, Bitter Reality: The Unseen Diabetes Epidemic Among Nepal’s YouthHow Missing Checklists and Protocols are Costing Lives in Nepal’s ERsस्क्रिनमा देखिने चुरोट: सुर्तीजन्य हानि न्यूनीकरण नीतिमा दक्षिण एसियाले अझै के छुटाइरहेको छनेपालमा पिसाब नलीको संक्रमण र एन्टिबायोटिक प्रतिरोधको बढ्दो संकटFrontline Perspectives on Nursing Leadership in NepalProtecting the Smallest Lungs from the Hidden Grip of RSV in KathmanduThe Heavy Burden of Bullying on Student Wellbeing in NepalThe Emerging Landscape of Thyroid Health in Central NepalHow a Recent Western Nepal Study is Redefining Anemia DiagnosisHow H. Pylori is Impacting the Health of Karnali’s High-Altitude CommunitiesSweet Poison, Bitter Reality: The Unseen Diabetes Epidemic Among Nepal’s YouthHow Missing Checklists and Protocols are Costing Lives in Nepal’s ERs

[Tics and Tourette Syndrome].

Researchers

Bolívar Quito-Betancourt, María Teresa Acosta, Hugo A Arroyo, Alfredo Cerisola, Juan Contreras, Gabriel González Rabelino, Alonso Zea Vera

Abstract

Tics disorders and Tourette syndrome (TS) are neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by motor and/or vocal tics with onset in childhood. Their clinical presentation is heterogeneous and fluctuating over time, with exacerbations related to emotional, environmental, and medical factors. Diagnosis is clinical and based on medical history and neurological examination, following DSM-5-TR criteria, with ancillary testing rarely required. The prevalence of TS is estimated at 0.7%, while transient tic disorders affect up to 10% of children. The natural history is generally favorable, with symptom improvement during adolescence, although a subset of patients continues to experience tics into adulthood. Most individuals with TS present psychiatric comorbidities, particularly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder, which significantly impact quality of life and should be prioritized in management decisions. Treatment is recommended only when tics cause functional impairment and follows a stepwise approach including psychoeducation, behavioral interventions, and individualized pharmacological therapy. Comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics is considered first-line treatment when available. Alpha-2 adrenergic agonists and dopamine antagonists are the most commonly used pharmacological options. Neuromodulation therapies are reserved for severe, refractory cases. These recommendations from the Ibero-American Academy of Pediatric Neurology summarize current evidence and provide a practical, updated framework for the diagnosis and management of tic disorders and Tourette syndrome in pediatric patients. Los trastornos por tics y síndrome de Tourette (ST) son trastornos del neurodesarrollo caracterizados por presencia de tics motores y/o fónicos de inicio en la infancia. Su expresión clínica es heterogénea y fluctúa con el tiempo, con exacerbaciones relacionadas con factores emocionales, ambientales y médicos. El diagnóstico es clínico y se basa en historia y examen neurológico, siguiendo los criterios del DSM-5-TR, sin requerir estudios complementarios en la mayoría de los casos. La prevalencia del ST se estima en 0.7%, mientras que los tics transitorios afectan hasta el 10% de los niños. La historia natural suele ser favorable, con disminución de la severidad durante la adolescencia, aunque un subgrupo presenta persistencia de síntomas en adultez. La mayoría de los pacientes presenta comorbilidades psiquiátricas, especialmente trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad y trastorno obsesivo-compulsivo, que impactan significativamente en la calidad de vida y deben ser consideradas prioritariamente en el abordaje terapéutico. El tratamiento se indica solo cuando los tics generan deterioro funcional y se basa en un enfoque escalonado que incluye psicoeducación, intervenciones conductuales y tratamiento farmacológico individualizado. La intervención conductual integral para tics constituye la primera línea cuando está disponible. Los agonistas α2-adrenérgicos y los dopaminérgicos son opciones farmacológicas más utilizadas. Las terapias de neuromodulación se reservan para casos excepcionales y refractarios. Estas recomendaciones de la Academia Iberoamericana de Neurología Pediátrica sintetizan la evidencia disponible y proponen un enfoque práctico y actualizado para el diagnóstico y manejo de trastornos por tics en población pediátrica.
Source: PubMed (PMID: 42659562)View Original on PubMed