World Health Organization Healthy Ageing model applied to adults with cerebral palsy: A systematic review of reported intrinsic capacity measures.

Abstract

To synthesize research reporting quantitative measures of the intrinsic capacity domains of the World Health Organization Healthy Ageing model for adults with cerebral palsy (CP). We carried out a systematic search of five databases (2013-2023, updated August 2025; PROSPERO no. 440136) for studies on adults with CP (mean or median age > 30 years) reporting quantitative outcomes across World Health Organization-defined intrinsic capacity domains: locomotion, vitality, sensory, cognitive, and psychological. A total of 102 studies (n = 69 cross-sectional), representing 4348 participants (1991 male [49.7% within studies reporting sex], 31% using wheelchairs). Four studies included participant cohorts with a mean or median age greater than 50 years. Studies reported measures reflecting one or more intrinsic capacity domains: locomotion (n = 37 studies), vitality (n = 84), sensory (n = 2), cognitive (n = 3), and psychological (n = 2). Data indicated higher levels of fatigue, and reductions in balance, muscle strength, and muscle power, for adults with CP compared to controls without CP. Body mass index, body composition, and waist circumference measures showed variable results. Reports making age or sex comparisons or tracking longitudinal data were limited. Research is lacking for adults with CP over the age of 50 years; it lacks both longitudinal perspectives and assessments within sensory, cognitive, and psychological domains. Further research should assess longitudinal ageing trajectories and how 'ageing well' with CP can be supported.