From global to local: comparing the EAT-Lancet planetary health diets with the traditional Mediterranean Diet across Mediterranean countries.

Abstract

The planetary health diet proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission provides a global framework to integrate human health and environmental sustainability through plant-based dietary patterns. Its 2025 update refined quantitative targets and emphasised the need for regional adaptation. This study compares the EAT-Lancet reference diets, the FAO/WHO Sustainable Healthy Diets, and Mediterranean dietary models represented by national guidelines from Italy, Spain, Greece, and Portugal, alongside the Italian Mediterranean Diet Pyramid proposed by the Italian Society of Human Nutrition. Quantitative recommendations were harmonised into weekly intakes, and qualitative features were systematically analysed. Overall, strong convergence was observed, particularly for whole grains, fruits, vegetables, and unsaturated fats. However, the EAT-Lancet model recommends higher intakes of legumes and nuts than the Mediterranean guidelines. Differences also emerged for dairy products and olive oil, reflecting regional adaptations. The Mediterranean Diet represents a culturally grounded and feasible model for translating planetary health principles into practice.