Saffron and Pregnancy: Cultural Practices, Beliefs, and Safety Evidence: An Integrative Review.

Abstract

Background<i>Crocus sativus</i> L. is a culturally significant herbal remedy used by pregnant women in many regions, particularly in South Asia and the Middle East. Despite its widespread use, evidence regarding its clinical efficacy and safety profile remains limited and inconclusive.ObjectivesThis integrative review aims to synthesize cultural beliefs, reported use, and clinical evidence on saffron use during pregnancy and childbirth, and to critically evaluate evidence regarding its maternal and fetal safety and therapeutic potential.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Web of Science was conducted to identify English-language articles from inception to June 2025. Included studies comprised clinical trials, observational studies, systematic reviews, and cultural accounts. Data were extracted on cultural beliefs, use patterns, clinical outcomes, and potential risks. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) framework guided study selection.ResultsTwelve studies were selected. Cultural practices strongly influence saffron use, with women consuming it to improve fetal complexion, maternal strength, and labor readiness. Clinical evidence indicates low-dose saffron (approximately 250 milligrams daily) may facilitate cervical ripening, reduce labor pain and anxiety, and shorten labor duration in term pregnancies. These effects are dose-dependent, with higher doses or occupational exposure linked to uterine stimulation and increased miscarriage risk.ConclusionsLow-dose saffron shows promise for improving labor outcomes, though excessive consumption poses significant risks. Saffron use is deeply rooted in cultural beliefs, underscoring the need for respectful, dialogue-based approaches to guide patients safely. Standardized preparations and long-term safety data are needed before clinical recommendations can be made.