The Management of Medullary Thyroid Cancer: A Review.

Abstract

Medullary thyroid cancer (MTC) is a rare neuroendocrine malignancy arising from parafollicular C cells. Diagnosis is based on cytologic and histologic features, supported by biochemical testing for calcitonin and carcinoembryonic antigen, RET germline testing, and appropriate imaging. This educational review, developed by the Society of Surgical Oncology's Endocrine and Head and Neck Disease Site Working Group, provides an updated overview of the diagnosis and management of MTC, emphasizing evolving surgical principles and the integration of targeted therapies. Ongoing multidisciplinary collaboration and participation in clinical trials remain essential to further refine prognostic tools, optimize treatment sequencing, and improve patient outcomes in MTC.