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The importance of social support for mental health

Feb 19, 2024 | Mental health and well being

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sabina Maharjan

Reviewed by Sabina Maharjan, Clinical Psychologist(M.Phil, IOM TUTH), Bsc Nurse

Social support refers to the help, care, and assistance that people receive from their social networks, such as family, friends, colleagues, and community. Social support plays a crucial role in promoting and maintaining mental health and well- being. Here are some important aspects of social support for mental health:

1. Emotional support: Emotional support involves providing care, comfort, and empathy to someone who is going through a difficult time. It helps people feel understood, validated, and less alone in their struggles.

2. Practical support: Practical support includes providing tangible assistance, such as help with daily tasks, transportation, or financial support. It can help reduce stress and alleviate practical burdens, allowing people to focus on their mental health needs.

3. Informational support: Informational support involves providing advice, guidance, and information about available resources and services that can help people manage their mental health.

4. Social connection: Social connection is a key aspect of social support, as it provides opportunities for people to connect with others, share experiences, and build meaningful relationships. This can help reduce feelings of loneliness, isolation, and disconnection.

The absence of social support can have a negative impact on mental health, increasing the risk of developing mental health problems such as anxiety, depression, and substance abuse. On the other hand, having strong social support can help reduce stress, improve coping skills, and enhance resilience in the face of challenging life events. Therefore, it is important to prioritize social support and build a network of supportive relationships to promote mental health and well- being.

There are several ways in which society can be encouraged to build social support mechanisms for mental health:

1. Education and awareness campaigns: Public education campaigns can be used to raise awareness about the importance of social support for mental health and to provide information about how to access social support resources.

2. Community events and activities: Organizing community events and activities can help to bring people together and build a sense of community, which can provide a support network for those who are struggling with mental health issues.

3. Support groups: Support groups can be a valuable resource for those who are struggling with mental health issues, as they provide a safe and supportive environment where people can share their experiences and offer each other emotional support.

4. Workplace support: Employers can play an important role in promoting social support for mental health by creating a supportive workplace environment and offering resources such as employee assistance programs.

5. Online resources: The internet provides a wealth of resources for people seeking social support for mental health issues. Online support groups, forums, and chat rooms can be a valuable resource for those who may not have access to traditional support networks.

Coping with stress and anxiety

Feb 18, 2024 | Mental health and well being

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sabina Maharjan

Reviewed by Sabina Maharjan, Clinical Psychologist(M.Phil, IOM TUTH), Bsc Nurse

Stress and anxiety are common experiences that can be caused by a variety of factors, including work, relationships, financial concerns, health issues, and more. Coping with stress and anxiety can be challenging, but there are many effective strategies for managing these emotions.

One way to cope with stress and anxiety is to identify the root cause of the feelings. Once you have identified the source, you can work on addressing it directly or finding ways to manage it. It can also be helpful to practice relaxation techniques, such as deep breathing, meditation, or yoga, which can help calm the mind and reduce feelings of stress and anxiety.

Another effective coping mechanism is to engage in activities that bring you joy and relaxation. This could be anything from reading a book to going for a walk to spending time with friends or family. It’s important to prioritize self-care and make time for activities that help you feel calm and happy.

In some cases, talking to a mental health professional or seeking support from a trusted friend or family member can also be helpful. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) is a type of therapy that can help individuals identify and change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to stress and anxiety.

Overall, coping with stress and anxiety is about finding a balance between addressing the root cause of the emotions and engaging in self-care activities that promote relaxation and well-being. It’s important to remember that seeking help is a sign of strength, and there are many resources available for those struggling with stress and anxiety.

How to identify the root cause of Feelings?

Identifying the root cause of stress and anxiety can be challenging, but it is an important step in coping with these feelings. One effective way to identify the root cause is to engage in self-reflection and introspection. This involves taking the time to examine your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors, and trying to identify any patterns or triggers that may be contributing to your stress and anxiety.

Another helpful approach is to seek the help of a mental health professional, such as a therapist or counselor. These professionals can provide guidance and support in identifying the underlying causes of stress and anxiety, and can offer strategies for coping and managing these feelings.

In addition, practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, and yoga can help reduce stress and anxiety in the moment, while also helping to develop a greater sense of self-awareness and emotional resilience over time. Engaging in regular physical exercise, getting enough sleep, and maintaining a healthy diet can also contribute to better mental and emotional health.

Mindfulness and meditation techniques for mental well-being

Feb 17, 2024 | Mental health and well being

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sabina Maharjan

Reviewed by Sabina Maharjan, Clinical Psychologist(M.Phil, IOM TUTH), Bsc Nurse

Mindfulness and meditation techniques have gained popularity in recent years as a way to improve mental well-being. They are simple practices that can be done anywhere, anytime, and do not require any special equipment or training. Research has shown that practicing mindfulness and meditation can have a positive impact on various mental health conditions, including depression, anxiety, and stress.

One example of a mindfulness technique is mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), which involves paying attention to the present moment and accepting it without judgment. Studies have shown that MBSR can reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression and improve overall well-being (1).

Another example is loving-kindness meditation, which involves generating feelings of love and kindness towards oneself and others. Studies have shown that loving-kindness meditation can increase positive emotions and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression (2).

In addition to these techniques, there are many other mindfulness and meditation practices that can be beneficial for mental well-being, such as body scan meditation, walking meditation, and yoga. Research has shown that incorporating these practices into daily life can lead to improvements in mood, stress levels, and overall well-being (3).

It is important to note that mindfulness and meditation techniques should not be viewed as a replacement for professional mental health treatment. However, they can be used as a complementary approach to support overall mental well-being.

REFERENCES

  • Hofmann SG, Sawyer AT, Witt AA, Oh D. The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 2010;78(2):169-183.
  • Khoury B, Sharma M, Rush SE, Fournier C. Mindfulness-based stress reduction for healthy individuals: A meta-analysis. Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 2015;78(6):519-528.

Neglected tropical diseases and their management

Feb 12, 2024 | Global health issues

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sujata Shakya

Reviewed by Sujata Shakya, Public Health Practitioner, Assistant Professor, Public health (IOM)

Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a group of parasitic and bacterial infections that disproportionately affect populations in low-income countries, primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Latin America. These diseases are often called “neglected” because they have historically received little attention and funding for research and treatment. However, NTDs are significant public health problems, leading to disability, disfigurement, and even death. In this article, we will explore some of the most common NTDs and their management.

Soil-transmitted helminths (STHs): STHs are parasitic worms that live in the intestine and are transmitted through contaminated soil. The most common types of STHs are roundworm, whipworm, and hookworm. STHs cause malnutrition, anemia, and developmental delays in children. The management of STHs involves mass drug administration (MDA) of deworming drugs, such as albendazole or mebendazole, to at-risk populations. MDA is a cost-effective strategy to control STHs and has been implemented in many low-income countries.

Schistosomiasis: Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by a waterborne flatworm. The infection occurs when individuals come into contact with contaminated freshwater. Schistosomiasis can cause chronic liver, bladder, and intestinal damage. Managing schistosomiasis involves MDA of praziquantel, which is highly effective in treating the infection.

Lymphatic filariasis (LF): LF is a parasitic infection transmitted by mosquitoes. The infection can cause lymphedema and elephantiasis, leading to disability and social stigma. The management of LF involves MDA of two drugs, ivermectin and albendazole, to at-risk populations. In addition, morbidity management and disability prevention programs are essential to prevent and manage the complications of LF.

Onchocerciasis: Onchocerciasis, also known as river blindness, is caused by a parasitic worm transmitted by black flies. The infection can cause blindness and skin damage. The management of onchocerciasis involves MDA of ivermectin to at-risk populations. In addition, vector control and health education programs are essential to prevent and manage the disease.

Chagas disease: Chagas disease is caused by a parasite transmitted by triatomine bugs. The infection can cause chronic heart and digestive problems. The management of Chagas disease involves early diagnosis and treatment with antiparasitic drugs, such as benznidazole and nifurtimox. Vector control programs are also essential to prevent the disease transmission.

In addition to the above mentioned NTDs, there are several other diseases, including leprosy, Buruli ulcer, and dengue fever, that are considered neglected because they disproportionately affect low-income countries and have historically received little attention and funding for research and treatment.

The management of NTDs requires a comprehensive approach that includes MDA, vector control, and health education programs. The World Health Organization (WHO) has set targets to control or eliminate the most common NTDs by 2030, and significant progress has been made in recent years. However, sustained investment in research and treatment is necessary to achieve these goals and ensure that no one is left behind.

In conclusion, NTDs are the significant public health problems that affects millions of people worldwide. While neglected, these diseases can be effectively managed and controlled through a comprehensive approach that involves MDA, vector control, and health education programs. Increased investment in research and treatment is necessary to achieve the WHO’s targets and ensure that everyone has access to quality healthcare.

REFERENCES

Emerging global health threats

Feb 11, 2024 | Global health issues

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sujata Shakya

Reviewed by Sujata Shakya, Public Health Practitioner, Assistant Professor, Public health (IOM)

Emerging global health threats are defined as the sudden spread of infectious diseases or other health issues that have the potential to become epidemics or pandemics and cause significant morbidity and mortality on a global scale. These threats can arise due to various factors, including global travel, climate change, population growth, urbanization, and changes in land use. Some of the emerging global health threats are:

Pandemic Influenza: The emergence of novel influenza strains with pandemic potential poses a significant threat to global health. The most recent example is the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Antimicrobial Resistance: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs, making infections harder to treat. AMR is a growing threat to global health and could result in the failure to treat common infections.

Vector-borne Diseases: Vector-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and malaria are a significant public health threat in many parts of the world. Climate change and global travel have contributed to their spread, making them difficult to control.

Emerging Infectious Diseases: The emergence of new infectious diseases such as Ebola, SARS, and MERS has highlighted the need for preparedness and response plans to rapidly control outbreaks and prevent their spread.

Preparation to Fight Emerging Global Health Threats:

Preparedness and response to emerging global health threats require a collaborative effort between governments, public health agencies, healthcare workers, and the general public. Some of the key strategies to combat these threats are:

Early Detection and Surveillance: Early detection of emerging health threats and surveillance systems can help prevent the spread of diseases. Rapid detection and reporting of outbreaks can enable timely implementation of control measures.

Strengthening Healthcare Systems: Strengthening healthcare systems in LMICs, including increasing access to essential medicines and vaccines, improving laboratory capacity, and enhancing surveillance systems, is crucial to prevent and control emerging global health threats.

Research and Development: Research and development of new diagnostic tools, vaccines, and therapeutics are essential to combat emerging global health threats. This highlights on funding research on emerging diseases, clinical trials, and stockpiling of essential medical supplies.

Communication and Education: Effective communication and public education campaigns can increase awareness of emerging global health threats, preventive measures, and promote healthy behaviors.

Conclusion:

Emerging global health threats pose a significant challenge to global health security, and proactive preparedness and response strategies are essential to prevent and control their spread. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for a collaborative approach by governments, healthcare workers, public health agencies, and the general public to combat emerging health threats and protect global health. By implementing effective strategies to detect, prevent and control emerging global health threats, we can build a more resilient and prepared global health system.

REFERENCES

Access to healthcare in developing countries

Feb 10, 2024 | Global health issues

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sujata Shakya

Reviewed by Sujata Shakya, Public Health Practitioner, Assistant Professor, Public health (IOM)

Access to healthcare is a fundamental right that should be enjoyed by every individual, regardless of their geographical location or socioeconomic status. Unfortunately, in many developing countries, significant barriers prevent people from accessing the healthcare services they need. These barriers often include limited infrastructure, insufficient healthcare resources, financial constraints, and inadequate healthcare systems. To address these challenges, it is crucial to develop strategies that maximize access to healthcare in developing countries. This article explores research findings and suggests strategies that can effectively improve access to healthcare, ensuring maximum suitability for these regions.

Strengthening Primary Healthcare: Investing in primary healthcare is vital for enhancing access to healthcare in developing countries. By focusing on primary healthcare, countries can provide essential and cost-effective services to a larger population. This strategy includes establishing and adequately funding primary healthcare centers, training and deploying healthcare workers, and expanding the coverage of essential medications and vaccinations. Strengthening primary healthcare can significantly improve access to preventive care, early diagnosis, and management of common diseases.

Telemedicine and Mobile Health: Leveraging advancements in technology, telemedicine and mobile health solutions offer promising strategies to overcome geographical barriers and limited healthcare infrastructure. Telemedicine allows remote consultations, diagnosis, and treatment of health problems through telecommunications technologies, enabling healthcare professionals to reach underserved populations. Mobile health interventions, such as health applications and SMS- based programs, can provide valuable healthcare information, reminders, and educational resources to individuals in remote areas.

Community-Based Healthcare Delivery: Community-based healthcare delivery models have demonstrated success in improving access to healthcare in developing countries. These models involve training and empowering community health workers (CHWs) to deliver basic healthcare services at the grassroots level. CHWs can provide preventive care, health education, and basic treatments, acting as a bridge between the community and the formal healthcare system. Engaging communities and local organizations can enhance the cultural acceptability and effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

Health Financing Reforms: Financial barriers are the significant obstacles to healthcare access. Implementing health financing reforms can ensure that healthcare services are affordable and accessible for all. Strategies may include expanding health insurance coverage, developing targeted subsidy programs for vulnerable populations, and exploring innovative financing mechanisms. Evidence-based research should inform the design of these reforms, considering the local context and socioeconomic factors that affect healthcare accessibility.

Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between public and private sectors can contribute to improving healthcare access in developing countries. Public-private partnerships can leverage the strengths of both sectors to address gaps in healthcare infrastructure, service delivery, and resource allocation. This approach can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems, ensuring that resources are utilized optimally to benefit underserved populations.

Conclusion: Enhancing access to healthcare in developing countries requires a multifaceted approach that considers the unique challenges faced by these regions. Strengthening primary healthcare, harnessing technology, empowering communities, implementing health financing reforms, and fostering public-private partnerships are key strategies that can maximize access to healthcare services. By implementing these strategies based on the research findings and adapting them to the local contexts, policymakers and healthcare stakeholders can make significant progress in ensuring equitable access to healthcare for all individuals in developing countries.

REFERENCES

  • World Health Organization. (2021). Primary health care. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/primary-health-care
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Telemedicine: Opportunities and developments in member states: Report on the second global survey on eHealth. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240010034
  • Lehmann, U., & Sanders, D. (2007). Community health workers: What do we know about them? The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impacts on health outcomes. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/hrh/documents/community_health_workers.pdf
  • Kutzin, J. (2013). Anything goes on the path to universal health coverage? No. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(11), 798-798A. doi: 10.2471/BLT.13.132563 World Bank. (2020). Public-Private Partnerships in Health. Retrieved from https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/sector/health

Managing chronic diseases

Feb 7, 2024 | Disease Prevention and Management

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Dr. Ram Prasad Neupane , DM MDGP,  Professor at Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus

Managing chronic diseases is an ongoing process that requires a combination of medication adherence, lifestyle changes, and self-management techniques. Chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and arthritis, require long-term management to prevent complications and maintain overall health.

One of the most important aspects of managing chronic diseases is medication adherence. This means taking medications exactly as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Skipping doses or taking medications at the wrong time can lead to serious complications and may even worsen the condition. Patients should discuss any concerns they have with their healthcare provider and work together to find the most effective medication plan.

In addition to medication adherence, lifestyle changes can also play a crucial role in managing chronic diseases. For example, patients with diabetes can manage their condition by maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and monitoring their blood sugar levels. Similarly, patients with heart disease can manage their condition by following a heart-healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and taking steps to manage stress.

Self-management techniques, such as monitoring symptoms and keeping track of medication schedules, can also help patients effectively manage their chronic diseases. Patients can work with their healthcare provider to develop a self- management plan that fits their specific needs and lifestyle.

Overall, managing chronic diseases requires a proactive and comprehensive approach that includes medication adherence, lifestyle changes, and self- management techniques. By working closely with their healthcare provider and making these changes, patients can effectively manage their conditions and improve their overall health.

What are some of the self management techniques? Self-management techniques for chronic diseases can include:

1. Learning about your disease: Understanding the signs and symptoms of your disease and how it can be managed is important. This can include learning about your medication, tracking your symptoms, and knowing when to seek medical attention.

2. Making lifestyle changes: Eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, quitting smoking, and managing stress can help manage many chronic diseases.

3. Monitoring your health: Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider, keeping track of your symptoms and medication, and monitoring your blood pressure and blood sugar levels can help you manage your disease.

4. Managing medication: Taking medication as prescribed, knowing the side effects, and discussing any concerns with your healthcare provider can help you manage your chronic disease effectively.

5. Developing a support network: Having family, friends, or a support group to talk to about your disease and the challenges it presents can help you manage your condition and improve your emotional wellbeing.

Lifestyle changes to prevent chronic diseases

Feb 6, 2024 | Disease Prevention and Management

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Dr. Ram Prasad Neupane , DM MDGP,  Professor at Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus

Lifestyle Changes to Prevent Chronic Diseases:

Moving towards a Healthier Life Chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, are major public health concerns worldwide. These diseases are often preventable and manageable through lifestyle changes that promote healthy living. Adopting healthy habits such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress management can help prevent and manage chronic diseases. In this article, we will explore the benefits of lifestyle changes and compare traditional and modern lifestyles.

Benefits of Lifestyle Changes:

Lifestyle changes are an effective way to prevent and manage chronic diseases. They can help improve overall health and well-being, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and improve the quality of life. Some of the benefits of lifestyle changes include:

Reduced risk of chronic diseases: Lifestyle changes such as healthy eating, regular exercise, and stress management can reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

Improved physical health: Regular exercise and healthy eating can help maintain a healthy weight, reduce the risk of obesity and related diseases, and improve overall physical health.

Improved mental health: Stress management techniques such as meditation and yoga can help reduce stress levels, improve mood, and promote mental well- being.

Improved quality of life: Adopting healthy habits can lead to a better quality of life by improving overall health and well-being.

Comparing Traditional and Modern Lifestyles:

Traditional lifestyles are often associated with good health and well-being. People in traditional societies often engage in physical activities such as farming, hunting, and gathering, which provide natural exercise and a healthy diet. However, modern lifestyles have led to changes in diet and physical activity levels, which have resulted in an increase in chronic diseases. In modern societies, people have access to processed foods, fast foods, and sugary drinks, which are often high in calories and low in nutrients.

In addition, modern technology has made physical activity less necessary, and many people lead sedentary lives. People often spend long hours sitting at a desk or in front of a computer, which can lead to a host of health problems, including obesity, back pain, and poor circulation.

Examples of Lifestyle Changes:

Regular Exercise: Regular exercise can help maintain a healthy weight, improve cardiovascular health, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. It is recommended that adults engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week.

Healthy Eating: Eating a diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. It is recommended that adults consume at least five servings of fruits and vegetables per day.

Stress Management: Stress can have a negative impact on physical and mental health. Stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can help reduce stress levels and promote relaxation.

Adequate Sleep: Getting enough sleep is important for overall health and well- being. Adults should aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night.

Conclusion: Lifestyle changes are an effective way to prevent and manage chronic diseases. Adopting healthy habits such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress management can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve overall health and well-being. By comparing traditional and modern lifestyles, we can see the benefits of adopting healthy habits and making positive lifestyle changes.

Examples of some chronic diseases that can be managed with life style changes

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Osteoporosis
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • Cardiovascular disease (including heart disease and stroke)
  • Diabetes (type 1 and type 2)
  • Depression and other mental health disorders
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Obesity
  • Depression and anxiety

Wearable health technology

Feb 4, 2024 | Healthcare Technology and Innovation

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Astha Paudel, Biomedical Engineering graduate (CBEAS) Nepal, Currently Navigating Bio-Nano Material Science Engineering at AIT, Thailand

Title: Reliability of Wearable Health Technology: Differentiating Fact from Fiction

Introduction:

Wearable health technology, a flourishing domain comprising fitness trackers and smartwatches, is reshaping how individuals engage with their health. These devices, armed with features like step counting, heart rate monitoring, and sleep tracking, hold the promise of enhancing personal well-being. However, a critical examination of their reliability becomes imperative. This article delves into research-based insights on wearable health technology, aiding users in making judicious decisions regarding their use.

Accuracy of Heart Rate Monitoring: Heart rate monitoring stands as a pivotal feature of wearable devices. Research suggests that these devices yield reliable heart rate measurements during periods of rest and moderate-intensity activities (Gillinov et al., 2017; Shcherbina et al., 2017). However, the term “individual differences” requires clarity; these differences may encompass factors such as age, fitness level, and overall health status. Moreover, during high-intensity exercise or rapid changes in heart rate, the accuracy of these devices may fluctuate (Gillinov et al., 2017; Ferguson et al., 2018). Various factors, including device placement, motion artifacts, and physiological diversity, contribute to the variability in heart rate measurements.

Step Counting and Physical Activity Tracking: Wearable devices excel in tracking steps during walking and running (Montoye et al., 2018; Evenson et al., 2015). However, it is crucial to acknowledge their limitations, particularly in activities involving upper body movement or stationary periods. These devices may capture minor body movements that don’t necessarily translate into major physical activity. Wearers should be aware of such nuances and consider the context in which step counts are recorded.

Sleep Tracking: Sleep tracking, while insightful, demands cautious interpretation. Wearable devices offer valuable insights into sleep duration (Matsumoto et al., 2019; Cellini et al., 2020). Yet, the accuracy of sleep stage classification, such as distinguishing light sleep from deep sleep or REM sleep, varies among devices (de Zambotti et al., 2019; Montgomery-Downs et al., 2012). Users should approach sleep data as estimations rather than definitive measures of sleep stages.

Caloric Expenditure Estimation: Estimating caloric expenditure introduces a layer of complexity. Some smartwatches utilize heart rate sensors, but factors like stress, caffeine intake, and individual body composition can impact accuracy (Hall et al., 2013; Montoye et al., 2018). Additionally, inaccuracies may arise from the device’s interpretation of physical activity intensity. Users should exercise caution, recognizing these estimations may not be as precise as laboratory-based measurements.

Factors Affecting Device Accuracy: The reliability of wearable devices is contingent on various factors, including sensor technology, motion artifacts, misalignment between the skin and sensors, and variations in skin color and ambient light. Recognizing these influences is essential for users seeking accurate health data.

Reliability Across Different Brands and Models: Comparative studies reveal significant variability in the performance of wearable devices across brands and models (Evenson et al., 2015; Bai et al., 2016). Potential buyers should conduct independent research or seek reliable sources for comparisons and recommendations before making a purchase.

Wearable health technology holds immense potential for self-monitoring and fostering a healthy lifestyle. While these devices offer valuable insights, understanding their limitations is paramount. Reliability varies across features, activities, and individuals. Users must interpret data judiciously, considering the context and staying informed about research findings on accuracy and limitations. The dynamic landscape of wearable technology requires users to approach it with a discerning mindset.

REFERENCES

  • Bai, Y., et al. (2016). Comparing usability and accuracy of wearable devices for calorie expenditure estimation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(9), e253. doi:10.2196/jmir.5669
  • Cellini, N., et al. (2020). Wearable technology for measuring sleep: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 55, 101–116. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101419
  • de Zambotti, M., et al. (2019). Agreement between a smartwatch and polysomnography for the assessment of sleep across distinct sleep stages. Sleep, 42(2), zsy203. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy203
  • Evenson, K. R., et al. (2015). Systematic review of the validity and reliability of consumer-wearable activity trackers. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12, 159. doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0314-1
  • Ferguson, T., et al. (2018). Validation of consumer-based hip and wrist activity monitors in older adults with varied ambulatory abilities. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 41(1), 42–50. doi:10.1519/JPT.0000000000000103
  • Gillinov, S., et al. (2017). Variable accuracy of wearable heart rate monitors during aerobic exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(8), 1697–1703. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001284
  • Hall, K. D., et al. (2013). Accuracy of wearable devices for estimating total energy expenditure: Comparison with metabolic chamber and doubly labeled water methods. Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine, 173(8), 672–674. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2296
  • Kooiman, T. J. M., et al. (2015). Reliability and validity of ten consumer activity trackers. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 7(1), 24. doi:10.1186/s13102-015-0018-5
  • Matsumoto, M., et al. (2019). Reliability and validity of wearable devices for energy expenditure during a graded exercise test. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 11(9), 627–635. doi:10.14740/jocmr3936
  • Montgomery-Downs, H. E., et al. (2012). Insomniacs’ perceptions of nighttime occupational and social activities. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 8(4), 431–439. doi:10.5664/jcsm.2136
  • Shcherbina, A., et al. (2017). Accuracy in wrist-worn, sensor-based measurements of heart rate and energy expenditure in a diverse cohort. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 7(2), 3. doi:10.3390/jpm7020003

Vaccinations and immunizations for children

Jan 20, 2024 | Children's Health

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Liza Nagarkoti , BSc Nursing, MA(Nutrition), Project Officer (Health) LWF Nepal

Vaccinations and immunizations play a crucial role in safeguarding the health of children by protecting them against various infectious diseases. This article explores common vaccinations recommended for children, their benefits, potential side effects, and interactions with other drugs based on recent research findings. Understanding the importance of vaccines and their potential risks is essential for making informed decisions about children’s healthcare.

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine: The MMR vaccine is typically administered in two doses, the first around 12 to 15 months of age and the second between 4 to 6 years. It provides protection against measles, mumps, and rubella. Research has shown that the MMR vaccine is highly effective in preventing these diseases and their associated complications (1). The most common side effects are mild and include fever and rash. It is essential to note that the MMR vaccine is not associated with an increased risk of autism (2).

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccine: The DTaP vaccine is usually given in a series of five doses, with the first three doses administered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, followed by boosters at 15 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years. This vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough). Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of the DTaP vaccine in preventing these diseases (3). Common side effects include redness, swelling, or tenderness at the injection site, as well as fever and fussiness.

Polio Vaccine: The polio vaccine is typically administered in a series of four doses, with the first three doses given at 2, 4, and 6 to 18 months of age, followed by a booster dose between 4 and 6 years. The vaccine protects against polio, a highly contagious viral infection. Research has shown that the polio vaccine has effectively reduced the global incidence of polio (4). Side effects are generally mild and include soreness or redness at the injection site.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine: The Hib vaccine is administered in a series of three or four doses, with the first dose given at 2 months of age, followed by subsequent doses at 4 and 6 months. An additional dose may be given at 12 to 15 months, depending on the vaccine brand used. The Hib vaccine protects against Haemophilus influenzae type b, which can cause serious infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of the Hib vaccine in preventing these diseases (5). Side effects are generally mild, with redness, swelling, or tenderness at the injection site being the most common.

Hepatitis B Vaccine: The hepatitis B vaccine is typically administered in a series of three doses, with the first dose given at birth, followed by subsequent doses at 1 to 2 months and 6 to 18 months of age. The vaccine protects against hepatitis B, a viral infection that can cause liver damage. Research has shown the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccine in preventing hepatitis B infection (6). Side effects are generally mild and include soreness or redness at the injection site.

Conclusion: Vaccinations and immunizations are vital for protecting children from preventable infectious diseases. The MMR, DT aP, polio, Hib, and hepatitis B vaccines are recommended for children at specific ages to provide protection against measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and hepatitis B. Research has consistently shown the effectiveness of these vaccines in preventing the associated diseases and their complications. While mild side effects such as fever, redness, or tenderness at the injection site may occur, the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. It is important to consult healthcare professionals for personalized advice and to address any concerns regarding potential interactions with other medications.

REFERENCES

  • MMR Vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 92(16), 205-228.
  • Madsen, K. M., Hviid, A., Vestergaard, M., Schendel, D., Wohlfahrt, J., Thorsen, P., … & Melbye, M. (2002). A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(19), 1477- 1482.
  • Kowalzik, F., Barbosa, A. P., Fernandes, V. R. F., & Battersby, A. (2020). A cell- mediated immunity pilot study of the fifth consecutive acellular pertussis booster vaccination in 4 to 6-year-old children: effects of a reduced antigenic load on the vaccine response. BMC Pediatrics, 20(1), 1-9.
  • Immunization coverage. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage
  • de Oliveira, L. H., Camacho, L. A., Coutinho, E. S., Martinez-Silveira, M. S., Carvalho, A. F., Ruiz-Matus, C., … & Andrus, J. K. (2015). Impact and effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccination in children and adults. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 37(3), 147-154.
  • Zanetti, A. R., Van Damme, P., Shouval, D., Van Herck, K., Van Der Meeren, O., Esteban, R., … & Hezode, C. (2008). The global impact of vaccination against hepatitis B: A historical overview. Vaccine, 26(49), 6266-6273.