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The Health Thread

Emerging global health threats

Feb 11, 2024 | Global health issues

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sujata Shakya

Reviewed by Sujata Shakya, Public Health Practitioner, Assistant Professor, Public health (IOM)

Emerging global health threats are defined as the sudden spread of infectious diseases or other health issues that have the potential to become epidemics or pandemics and cause significant morbidity and mortality on a global scale. These threats can arise due to various factors, including global travel, climate change, population growth, urbanization, and changes in land use. Some of the emerging global health threats are:

Pandemic Influenza: The emergence of novel influenza strains with pandemic potential poses a significant threat to global health. The most recent example is the COVID-19 pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus.

Antimicrobial Resistance: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) occurs when microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites, develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs, making infections harder to treat. AMR is a growing threat to global health and could result in the failure to treat common infections.

Vector-borne Diseases: Vector-borne diseases such as dengue, Zika, and malaria are a significant public health threat in many parts of the world. Climate change and global travel have contributed to their spread, making them difficult to control.

Emerging Infectious Diseases: The emergence of new infectious diseases such as Ebola, SARS, and MERS has highlighted the need for preparedness and response plans to rapidly control outbreaks and prevent their spread.

Preparation to Fight Emerging Global Health Threats:

Preparedness and response to emerging global health threats require a collaborative effort between governments, public health agencies, healthcare workers, and the general public. Some of the key strategies to combat these threats are:

Early Detection and Surveillance: Early detection of emerging health threats and surveillance systems can help prevent the spread of diseases. Rapid detection and reporting of outbreaks can enable timely implementation of control measures.

Strengthening Healthcare Systems: Strengthening healthcare systems in LMICs, including increasing access to essential medicines and vaccines, improving laboratory capacity, and enhancing surveillance systems, is crucial to prevent and control emerging global health threats.

Research and Development: Research and development of new diagnostic tools, vaccines, and therapeutics are essential to combat emerging global health threats. This highlights on funding research on emerging diseases, clinical trials, and stockpiling of essential medical supplies.

Communication and Education: Effective communication and public education campaigns can increase awareness of emerging global health threats, preventive measures, and promote healthy behaviors.

Conclusion:

Emerging global health threats pose a significant challenge to global health security, and proactive preparedness and response strategies are essential to prevent and control their spread. The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for a collaborative approach by governments, healthcare workers, public health agencies, and the general public to combat emerging health threats and protect global health. By implementing effective strategies to detect, prevent and control emerging global health threats, we can build a more resilient and prepared global health system.

REFERENCES

Access to healthcare in developing countries

Feb 10, 2024 | Global health issues

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sujata Shakya

Reviewed by Sujata Shakya, Public Health Practitioner, Assistant Professor, Public health (IOM)

Access to healthcare is a fundamental right that should be enjoyed by every individual, regardless of their geographical location or socioeconomic status. Unfortunately, in many developing countries, significant barriers prevent people from accessing the healthcare services they need. These barriers often include limited infrastructure, insufficient healthcare resources, financial constraints, and inadequate healthcare systems. To address these challenges, it is crucial to develop strategies that maximize access to healthcare in developing countries. This article explores research findings and suggests strategies that can effectively improve access to healthcare, ensuring maximum suitability for these regions.

Strengthening Primary Healthcare: Investing in primary healthcare is vital for enhancing access to healthcare in developing countries. By focusing on primary healthcare, countries can provide essential and cost-effective services to a larger population. This strategy includes establishing and adequately funding primary healthcare centers, training and deploying healthcare workers, and expanding the coverage of essential medications and vaccinations. Strengthening primary healthcare can significantly improve access to preventive care, early diagnosis, and management of common diseases.

Telemedicine and Mobile Health: Leveraging advancements in technology, telemedicine and mobile health solutions offer promising strategies to overcome geographical barriers and limited healthcare infrastructure. Telemedicine allows remote consultations, diagnosis, and treatment of health problems through telecommunications technologies, enabling healthcare professionals to reach underserved populations. Mobile health interventions, such as health applications and SMS- based programs, can provide valuable healthcare information, reminders, and educational resources to individuals in remote areas.

Community-Based Healthcare Delivery: Community-based healthcare delivery models have demonstrated success in improving access to healthcare in developing countries. These models involve training and empowering community health workers (CHWs) to deliver basic healthcare services at the grassroots level. CHWs can provide preventive care, health education, and basic treatments, acting as a bridge between the community and the formal healthcare system. Engaging communities and local organizations can enhance the cultural acceptability and effectiveness of healthcare interventions.

Health Financing Reforms: Financial barriers are the significant obstacles to healthcare access. Implementing health financing reforms can ensure that healthcare services are affordable and accessible for all. Strategies may include expanding health insurance coverage, developing targeted subsidy programs for vulnerable populations, and exploring innovative financing mechanisms. Evidence-based research should inform the design of these reforms, considering the local context and socioeconomic factors that affect healthcare accessibility.

Public-Private Partnerships: Collaboration between public and private sectors can contribute to improving healthcare access in developing countries. Public-private partnerships can leverage the strengths of both sectors to address gaps in healthcare infrastructure, service delivery, and resource allocation. This approach can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of healthcare systems, ensuring that resources are utilized optimally to benefit underserved populations.

Conclusion: Enhancing access to healthcare in developing countries requires a multifaceted approach that considers the unique challenges faced by these regions. Strengthening primary healthcare, harnessing technology, empowering communities, implementing health financing reforms, and fostering public-private partnerships are key strategies that can maximize access to healthcare services. By implementing these strategies based on the research findings and adapting them to the local contexts, policymakers and healthcare stakeholders can make significant progress in ensuring equitable access to healthcare for all individuals in developing countries.

REFERENCES

  • World Health Organization. (2021). Primary health care. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/primary-health-care
  • World Health Organization. (2020). Telemedicine: Opportunities and developments in member states: Report on the second global survey on eHealth. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240010034
  • Lehmann, U., & Sanders, D. (2007). Community health workers: What do we know about them? The state of the evidence on programmes, activities, costs and impacts on health outcomes. Geneva: World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/hrh/documents/community_health_workers.pdf
  • Kutzin, J. (2013). Anything goes on the path to universal health coverage? No. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 91(11), 798-798A. doi: 10.2471/BLT.13.132563 World Bank. (2020). Public-Private Partnerships in Health. Retrieved from https://ppp.worldbank.org/public-private-partnership/sector/health

Managing chronic diseases

Feb 7, 2024 | Disease Prevention and Management

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Dr. Ram Prasad Neupane , DM MDGP,  Professor at Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus

Managing chronic diseases is an ongoing process that requires a combination of medication adherence, lifestyle changes, and self-management techniques. Chronic diseases, such as diabetes, heart disease, and arthritis, require long-term management to prevent complications and maintain overall health.

One of the most important aspects of managing chronic diseases is medication adherence. This means taking medications exactly as prescribed by a healthcare provider. Skipping doses or taking medications at the wrong time can lead to serious complications and may even worsen the condition. Patients should discuss any concerns they have with their healthcare provider and work together to find the most effective medication plan.

In addition to medication adherence, lifestyle changes can also play a crucial role in managing chronic diseases. For example, patients with diabetes can manage their condition by maintaining a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and monitoring their blood sugar levels. Similarly, patients with heart disease can manage their condition by following a heart-healthy diet, getting regular exercise, and taking steps to manage stress.

Self-management techniques, such as monitoring symptoms and keeping track of medication schedules, can also help patients effectively manage their chronic diseases. Patients can work with their healthcare provider to develop a self- management plan that fits their specific needs and lifestyle.

Overall, managing chronic diseases requires a proactive and comprehensive approach that includes medication adherence, lifestyle changes, and self- management techniques. By working closely with their healthcare provider and making these changes, patients can effectively manage their conditions and improve their overall health.

What are some of the self management techniques? Self-management techniques for chronic diseases can include:

1. Learning about your disease: Understanding the signs and symptoms of your disease and how it can be managed is important. This can include learning about your medication, tracking your symptoms, and knowing when to seek medical attention.

2. Making lifestyle changes: Eating a healthy diet, getting regular exercise, quitting smoking, and managing stress can help manage many chronic diseases.

3. Monitoring your health: Regular check-ups with your healthcare provider, keeping track of your symptoms and medication, and monitoring your blood pressure and blood sugar levels can help you manage your disease.

4. Managing medication: Taking medication as prescribed, knowing the side effects, and discussing any concerns with your healthcare provider can help you manage your chronic disease effectively.

5. Developing a support network: Having family, friends, or a support group to talk to about your disease and the challenges it presents can help you manage your condition and improve your emotional wellbeing.

Lifestyle changes to prevent chronic diseases

Feb 6, 2024 | Disease Prevention and Management

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Dr. Ram Prasad Neupane , DM MDGP,  Professor at Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus

Lifestyle Changes to Prevent Chronic Diseases:

Moving towards a Healthier Life Chronic diseases, such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer, are major public health concerns worldwide. These diseases are often preventable and manageable through lifestyle changes that promote healthy living. Adopting healthy habits such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress management can help prevent and manage chronic diseases. In this article, we will explore the benefits of lifestyle changes and compare traditional and modern lifestyles.

Benefits of Lifestyle Changes:

Lifestyle changes are an effective way to prevent and manage chronic diseases. They can help improve overall health and well-being, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and improve the quality of life. Some of the benefits of lifestyle changes include:

Reduced risk of chronic diseases: Lifestyle changes such as healthy eating, regular exercise, and stress management can reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and cancer.

Improved physical health: Regular exercise and healthy eating can help maintain a healthy weight, reduce the risk of obesity and related diseases, and improve overall physical health.

Improved mental health: Stress management techniques such as meditation and yoga can help reduce stress levels, improve mood, and promote mental well- being.

Improved quality of life: Adopting healthy habits can lead to a better quality of life by improving overall health and well-being.

Comparing Traditional and Modern Lifestyles:

Traditional lifestyles are often associated with good health and well-being. People in traditional societies often engage in physical activities such as farming, hunting, and gathering, which provide natural exercise and a healthy diet. However, modern lifestyles have led to changes in diet and physical activity levels, which have resulted in an increase in chronic diseases. In modern societies, people have access to processed foods, fast foods, and sugary drinks, which are often high in calories and low in nutrients.

In addition, modern technology has made physical activity less necessary, and many people lead sedentary lives. People often spend long hours sitting at a desk or in front of a computer, which can lead to a host of health problems, including obesity, back pain, and poor circulation.

Examples of Lifestyle Changes:

Regular Exercise: Regular exercise can help maintain a healthy weight, improve cardiovascular health, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. It is recommended that adults engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week.

Healthy Eating: Eating a diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of chronic diseases. It is recommended that adults consume at least five servings of fruits and vegetables per day.

Stress Management: Stress can have a negative impact on physical and mental health. Stress management techniques such as meditation, yoga, and deep breathing can help reduce stress levels and promote relaxation.

Adequate Sleep: Getting enough sleep is important for overall health and well- being. Adults should aim for 7-9 hours of sleep per night.

Conclusion: Lifestyle changes are an effective way to prevent and manage chronic diseases. Adopting healthy habits such as regular exercise, healthy eating, and stress management can help reduce the risk of chronic diseases and improve overall health and well-being. By comparing traditional and modern lifestyles, we can see the benefits of adopting healthy habits and making positive lifestyle changes.

Examples of some chronic diseases that can be managed with life style changes

  • Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  • Chronic kidney disease
  • Osteoporosis
  • Hypertension (high blood pressure)
  • Cardiovascular disease (including heart disease and stroke)
  • Diabetes (type 1 and type 2)
  • Depression and other mental health disorders
  • High blood pressure
  • High cholesterol
  • Heart disease
  • Stroke
  • Obesity
  • Depression and anxiety

Wearable health technology

Feb 4, 2024 | Healthcare Technology and Innovation

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Astha Paudel, Biomedical Engineering graduate (CBEAS) Nepal, Currently Navigating Bio-Nano Material Science Engineering at AIT, Thailand

Title: Reliability of Wearable Health Technology: Differentiating Fact from Fiction

Introduction:

Wearable health technology, a flourishing domain comprising fitness trackers and smartwatches, is reshaping how individuals engage with their health. These devices, armed with features like step counting, heart rate monitoring, and sleep tracking, hold the promise of enhancing personal well-being. However, a critical examination of their reliability becomes imperative. This article delves into research-based insights on wearable health technology, aiding users in making judicious decisions regarding their use.

Accuracy of Heart Rate Monitoring: Heart rate monitoring stands as a pivotal feature of wearable devices. Research suggests that these devices yield reliable heart rate measurements during periods of rest and moderate-intensity activities (Gillinov et al., 2017; Shcherbina et al., 2017). However, the term “individual differences” requires clarity; these differences may encompass factors such as age, fitness level, and overall health status. Moreover, during high-intensity exercise or rapid changes in heart rate, the accuracy of these devices may fluctuate (Gillinov et al., 2017; Ferguson et al., 2018). Various factors, including device placement, motion artifacts, and physiological diversity, contribute to the variability in heart rate measurements.

Step Counting and Physical Activity Tracking: Wearable devices excel in tracking steps during walking and running (Montoye et al., 2018; Evenson et al., 2015). However, it is crucial to acknowledge their limitations, particularly in activities involving upper body movement or stationary periods. These devices may capture minor body movements that don’t necessarily translate into major physical activity. Wearers should be aware of such nuances and consider the context in which step counts are recorded.

Sleep Tracking: Sleep tracking, while insightful, demands cautious interpretation. Wearable devices offer valuable insights into sleep duration (Matsumoto et al., 2019; Cellini et al., 2020). Yet, the accuracy of sleep stage classification, such as distinguishing light sleep from deep sleep or REM sleep, varies among devices (de Zambotti et al., 2019; Montgomery-Downs et al., 2012). Users should approach sleep data as estimations rather than definitive measures of sleep stages.

Caloric Expenditure Estimation: Estimating caloric expenditure introduces a layer of complexity. Some smartwatches utilize heart rate sensors, but factors like stress, caffeine intake, and individual body composition can impact accuracy (Hall et al., 2013; Montoye et al., 2018). Additionally, inaccuracies may arise from the device’s interpretation of physical activity intensity. Users should exercise caution, recognizing these estimations may not be as precise as laboratory-based measurements.

Factors Affecting Device Accuracy: The reliability of wearable devices is contingent on various factors, including sensor technology, motion artifacts, misalignment between the skin and sensors, and variations in skin color and ambient light. Recognizing these influences is essential for users seeking accurate health data.

Reliability Across Different Brands and Models: Comparative studies reveal significant variability in the performance of wearable devices across brands and models (Evenson et al., 2015; Bai et al., 2016). Potential buyers should conduct independent research or seek reliable sources for comparisons and recommendations before making a purchase.

Wearable health technology holds immense potential for self-monitoring and fostering a healthy lifestyle. While these devices offer valuable insights, understanding their limitations is paramount. Reliability varies across features, activities, and individuals. Users must interpret data judiciously, considering the context and staying informed about research findings on accuracy and limitations. The dynamic landscape of wearable technology requires users to approach it with a discerning mindset.

REFERENCES

  • Bai, Y., et al. (2016). Comparing usability and accuracy of wearable devices for calorie expenditure estimation. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(9), e253. doi:10.2196/jmir.5669
  • Cellini, N., et al. (2020). Wearable technology for measuring sleep: A systematic review. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 55, 101–116. doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101419
  • de Zambotti, M., et al. (2019). Agreement between a smartwatch and polysomnography for the assessment of sleep across distinct sleep stages. Sleep, 42(2), zsy203. doi:10.1093/sleep/zsy203
  • Evenson, K. R., et al. (2015). Systematic review of the validity and reliability of consumer-wearable activity trackers. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 12, 159. doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0314-1
  • Ferguson, T., et al. (2018). Validation of consumer-based hip and wrist activity monitors in older adults with varied ambulatory abilities. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 41(1), 42–50. doi:10.1519/JPT.0000000000000103
  • Gillinov, S., et al. (2017). Variable accuracy of wearable heart rate monitors during aerobic exercise. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 49(8), 1697–1703. doi:10.1249/MSS.0000000000001284
  • Hall, K. D., et al. (2013). Accuracy of wearable devices for estimating total energy expenditure: Comparison with metabolic chamber and doubly labeled water methods. Journal of the American Medical Association Internal Medicine, 173(8), 672–674. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2296
  • Kooiman, T. J. M., et al. (2015). Reliability and validity of ten consumer activity trackers. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 7(1), 24. doi:10.1186/s13102-015-0018-5
  • Matsumoto, M., et al. (2019). Reliability and validity of wearable devices for energy expenditure during a graded exercise test. Journal of Clinical Medicine Research, 11(9), 627–635. doi:10.14740/jocmr3936
  • Montgomery-Downs, H. E., et al. (2012). Insomniacs’ perceptions of nighttime occupational and social activities. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, 8(4), 431–439. doi:10.5664/jcsm.2136
  • Shcherbina, A., et al. (2017). Accuracy in wrist-worn, sensor-based measurements of heart rate and energy expenditure in a diverse cohort. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 7(2), 3. doi:10.3390/jpm7020003

Vaccinations and immunizations for children

Jan 20, 2024 | Children's Health

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Liza Nagarkoti , BSc Nursing, MA(Nutrition), Project Officer (Health) LWF Nepal

Vaccinations and immunizations play a crucial role in safeguarding the health of children by protecting them against various infectious diseases. This article explores common vaccinations recommended for children, their benefits, potential side effects, and interactions with other drugs based on recent research findings. Understanding the importance of vaccines and their potential risks is essential for making informed decisions about children’s healthcare.

Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) Vaccine: The MMR vaccine is typically administered in two doses, the first around 12 to 15 months of age and the second between 4 to 6 years. It provides protection against measles, mumps, and rubella. Research has shown that the MMR vaccine is highly effective in preventing these diseases and their associated complications (1). The most common side effects are mild and include fever and rash. It is essential to note that the MMR vaccine is not associated with an increased risk of autism (2).

Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) Vaccine: The DTaP vaccine is usually given in a series of five doses, with the first three doses administered at 2, 4, and 6 months of age, followed by boosters at 15 to 18 months and 4 to 6 years. This vaccine protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (whooping cough). Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of the DTaP vaccine in preventing these diseases (3). Common side effects include redness, swelling, or tenderness at the injection site, as well as fever and fussiness.

Polio Vaccine: The polio vaccine is typically administered in a series of four doses, with the first three doses given at 2, 4, and 6 to 18 months of age, followed by a booster dose between 4 and 6 years. The vaccine protects against polio, a highly contagious viral infection. Research has shown that the polio vaccine has effectively reduced the global incidence of polio (4). Side effects are generally mild and include soreness or redness at the injection site.

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) Vaccine: The Hib vaccine is administered in a series of three or four doses, with the first dose given at 2 months of age, followed by subsequent doses at 4 and 6 months. An additional dose may be given at 12 to 15 months, depending on the vaccine brand used. The Hib vaccine protects against Haemophilus influenzae type b, which can cause serious infections, including meningitis and pneumonia. Research has demonstrated the effectiveness of the Hib vaccine in preventing these diseases (5). Side effects are generally mild, with redness, swelling, or tenderness at the injection site being the most common.

Hepatitis B Vaccine: The hepatitis B vaccine is typically administered in a series of three doses, with the first dose given at birth, followed by subsequent doses at 1 to 2 months and 6 to 18 months of age. The vaccine protects against hepatitis B, a viral infection that can cause liver damage. Research has shown the effectiveness of the hepatitis B vaccine in preventing hepatitis B infection (6). Side effects are generally mild and include soreness or redness at the injection site.

Conclusion: Vaccinations and immunizations are vital for protecting children from preventable infectious diseases. The MMR, DT aP, polio, Hib, and hepatitis B vaccines are recommended for children at specific ages to provide protection against measles, mumps, rubella, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and hepatitis B. Research has consistently shown the effectiveness of these vaccines in preventing the associated diseases and their complications. While mild side effects such as fever, redness, or tenderness at the injection site may occur, the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks. It is important to consult healthcare professionals for personalized advice and to address any concerns regarding potential interactions with other medications.

REFERENCES

  • MMR Vaccines: WHO position paper, April 2017. Weekly Epidemiological Record, 92(16), 205-228.
  • Madsen, K. M., Hviid, A., Vestergaard, M., Schendel, D., Wohlfahrt, J., Thorsen, P., … & Melbye, M. (2002). A population-based study of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccination and autism. New England Journal of Medicine, 347(19), 1477- 1482.
  • Kowalzik, F., Barbosa, A. P., Fernandes, V. R. F., & Battersby, A. (2020). A cell- mediated immunity pilot study of the fifth consecutive acellular pertussis booster vaccination in 4 to 6-year-old children: effects of a reduced antigenic load on the vaccine response. BMC Pediatrics, 20(1), 1-9.
  • Immunization coverage. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage
  • de Oliveira, L. H., Camacho, L. A., Coutinho, E. S., Martinez-Silveira, M. S., Carvalho, A. F., Ruiz-Matus, C., … & Andrus, J. K. (2015). Impact and effectiveness of Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccination in children and adults. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública, 37(3), 147-154.
  • Zanetti, A. R., Van Damme, P., Shouval, D., Van Herck, K., Van Der Meeren, O., Esteban, R., … & Hezode, C. (2008). The global impact of vaccination against hepatitis B: A historical overview. Vaccine, 26(49), 6266-6273.

Environmental health and disease prevention

Jan 14, 2024 | Disease Prevention and Management

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sanjogta Thapa Magar

Reviewed by Sanjogta Thapa Magar, Food Microbiologist

Environmental health refers to the study of how environmental factors can impact human health. These environmental factors can include air and water pollution, exposure to toxins, and even climate change. Environmental health is a crucial aspect of disease prevention and management, as it can help us identify and reduce risks that may be contributing to the development of diseases.

Air pollution is a significant environmental health concern. It is linked to various respiratory and cardiovascular conditions, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and heart disease. In addition to outdoor air pollution, indoor air pollution can also be a concern, especially in homes with poor ventilation or where harmful chemicals are present.

Water safety is another crucial aspect of environmental health. Contaminated water can lead to the spread of infectious diseases, including cholera, typhoid, and hepatitis A. Proper sanitation and access to clean drinking water are essential for preventing these diseases.

In recent years, the impact of climate change on human health has become increasingly clear. Rising temperatures, extreme weather events, and changing disease patterns are all linked to climate change. Climate change can also contribute to the spread of diseases carried by insects, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas.

To prevent and manage diseases related to environmental factors, it is essential to address the root causes of these issues. This can include reducing emissions that contribute to air pollution, improving water treatment and sanitation infrastructure, and taking steps to mitigate the effects of climate change.

Nepal faces various environmental health challenges that can lead to an increased risk of disease. For example, air pollution is a major concern in Nepal, particularly in cities such as Kathmandu. According to a study published in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 2, air pollution levels in Kathmandu exceed the World Health Organization’s recommended limits, with particulate matter being a major pollutant. This can lead to respiratory problems and other health issues.

Additionally, water safety is another concern in Nepal. According to a study published in the Journal of Water and Health 1, water quality in Nepal can be compromised due to factors such as poor sanitation and inadequate water treatment facilities. This can lead to the spread of waterborne illnesses such as cholera and diarrhea.

Finally, noise pollution is also a concern in Nepal, particularly in urban areas. According to a study published in the Journal of Environmental and Public Health 3, exposure to high levels of noise pollution can lead to various health issues, including cardiovascular disease and mental health problems.

Overall, addressing environmental health challenges such as air pollution, water safety, and noise pollution is crucial for disease prevention and management in Nepal. This requires a combination of individual actions, such as reducing car use and properly disposing of waste, as well as larger-scale efforts, such as improving infrastructure and implementing effective policies.

REFERENCES

Strategies for reducing the risk of infectious diseases

Jan 13, 2024 | Disease Prevention and Management

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sanjogta Thapa Magar

Reviewed by Sanjogta Thapa Magar, Food Microbiologist

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and can spread from one person to another through different modes of transmission. Some infectious diseases can be prevented by taking certain precautions. Here are some strategies that can help reduce the risk of infectious diseases:

1. Handwashing: Regular and proper handwashing is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Hands should be washed thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the toilet, before eating, and after being in public places.

2. Safe food handling: Foodborne illnesses can be caused by eating contaminated food. Therefore, it is important to handle and cook food safely to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. This includes washing hands before handling food, cooking food thoroughly, storing food properly, and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods.

3. Vaccination: Vaccines can help prevent many infectious diseases. Immunization programs have helped reduce the incidence of diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and hepatitis B.

4. Safe sex: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be prevented by practicing safe sex, which includes using condoms, getting tested for STIs, and limiting the number of sexual partners.

5. Covering the mouth and nose: When coughing or sneezing, it is important to cover the mouth and nose with a tissue or the inside of the elbow to prevent the spread of respiratory infections.

6. Avoiding close contact: Some infectious diseases can be spread through close contact with infected people. Therefore, it is important to avoid close contact with people who are sick and to stay home when feeling ill to avoid spreading the disease to others.

7. By following these strategies, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting and spreading infectious diseases.

Vaccinations

Dec 30, 2023 | Disease Prevention and Management

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Dr. Ram Prasad Neupane , DM MDGP,  Professor at Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus

Vaccination are critical tools for preventing and managing various diseases. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened or inactive form of a virus or bacteria into the body, which triggers an immune response. This immune response allows the body to recognize and fight the virus or bacteria in the future, which can prevent illness or reduce its severity.

In Nepal, vaccination efforts have been crucial in preventing the spread of communicable diseases. The government of Nepal, along with various international organizations, has implemented several vaccination programs to protect the population from diseases such as measles, rubella, polio, and hepatitis B. These programs have been particularly successful in reducing the incidence of communicable diseases among children.

For example, the measles vaccine has been a significant contributor to the reduction in measles cases in Nepal. In 2018, Nepal launched a nationwide measles-rubella vaccination campaign, aiming to reach over 12 million children aged 9 months to 15 years. The campaign targeted hard-to-reach areas and populations with low coverage, resulting in a significant increase in measles vaccination coverage. As a result of these efforts, the number of measles cases in Nepal decreased from over 2,400 in 2016 to just 118 in 2019.

In addition to preventing the spread of diseases, vaccination also play a crucial role in managing chronic illnesses. For example, individuals with chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease, and asthma are at increased risk of developing complications from infectious diseases. By getting vaccinated, individuals with chronic illnesses can reduce their risk of developing serious complications or hospitalization from vaccine-preventable diseases.

Overall, vaccination are critical components of disease prevention and management efforts. These programs not only protect individuals from infectious diseases but also contribute to the overall health of the population. It is important to continue to prioritize and invest in vaccination and immunization programs to ensure that everyone has access to these lifesaving interventions.
Here is a list of vaccines that are typically given to a child since birth:

1. Hepatitis B: Given within the first 12 hours of birth

2. DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis): Given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
3. Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b): Given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
4. IPV (polio): Given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
5. PCV13 (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine): Given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
6. Rotavirus: Given at 2 and 4 months of age
7. Hepatitis A: Given at 12 months of age
8. MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella): Given at 12 months of age
9. Varicella (chickenpox): Given at 12 months of age
10. DTaP booster: Given at 15-18 months of age
11. Hib booster: Given at 12-15 months of age
12. IPV booster: Given at 4-6 years of age
13. MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella): Given at 4-6 years of age
14. DTaP booster: Given at 11-12 years of age

HPV (human papillomavirus): Given at 11-12 years of age (can be given as early as 9 years old)
Here are some other commonly used vaccines for adults and children:
1. HPV vaccine: protects against the human papillomavirus, which can cause several types of cancer.
2. Meningococcal vaccine: protects against meningococcal disease, a serious bacterial infection that can cause meningitis and blood infections.
3. Pneumococcal vaccine: protects against pneumococcal disease, which can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and blood infections.
4. Hepatitis A vaccine: protects against hepatitis A, a viral infection that can cause liver inflammation.
5. Hepatitis B vaccine: protects against hepatitis B, a viral infection that can cause liver inflammation and potentially lead to long-term liver problems.
6. Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine: protects against chickenpox, a highly contagious viral infection that causes a blister-like rash, itching, and fever.
7. Rotavirus vaccine: protects against rotavirus, a common cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration in infants and young children.

Vaccine myths:
There are many myths and misconceptions about vaccines that can cause confusion and lead to vaccine hesitancy. Some common vaccine myths include:

Vaccines cause autism: This myth has been thoroughly debunked by multiple studies, yet it still persists in some communities.
Vaccines are not necessary because the diseases they prevent are rare: While it is true that some vaccine-preventable diseases are now less common in certain parts of the world, this is largely due to the widespread use of vaccines. If vaccination rates were to drop, these diseases could quickly make a comeback.
Vaccines can cause serious side effects: While all vaccines can cause some side effects, serious reactions are extremely rare. The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks.
Natural immunity is better than vaccine-induced immunity: While natural immunity can be effective, it comes at a cost. Many vaccine-preventable diseases can cause serious complications, including death. Vaccines provide a safe and effective way to build immunity without the risk of serious illness or death.
Vaccines contain harmful ingredients: Some people are concerned about the ingredients in vaccines, such as thimerosal (a preservative) or aluminum. However, these ingredients are used in such small amounts that they are not harmful.

Supporting loved ones with mental health challenges

Dec 11, 2023 | Mental health and well being

The Health Thread Favicon

Written By THT Editorial Team

Dr. Kamal Gautam

Reviewed by Dr. Kamal Gautam, MBBS(KU), MD Psych (IOM), Currently working at Transcultural Psychological Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal)

Supporting loved ones with mental health challenges is an important aspect of mental health and well-being. Recent research has shown that social support can have a significant impact on the mental health of individuals with mental illnesses. A study published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology found that providing social support to individuals with mental illnesses can lead to a reduction in symptoms and an overall improvement in their quality of life (Suetani et al., 2021).

Some ways to support loved ones with mental health challenges include:

A. Educate yourself about their condition: Learning about the symptoms and treatment options for your loved one’s mental illness can help you understand their experience and provide more effective support.

B. Be a good listener: Sometimes all your loved one may need is someone to listen to them without judgment or criticism. Try to offer an open ear and show empathy.

C. Encourage treatment: Encouraging your loved one to seek professional treatment can be a difficult conversation, but it is important to express your concern for their well-being and offer support in finding appropriate resources.

D. Offer practical help: Tasks that may seem simple, such as preparing meals or running errands, can be challenging for individuals with mental health issues. Offering practical assistance can be a great way to show support.

E. Avoid stigma and judgment: Mental health stigma and judgment can prevent individuals from seeking treatment and support. Be mindful of your language and avoid using derogatory terms or perpetuating negative stereotypes.

Supporting loved ones with mental health challenges can be a challenging and emotional journey. It is important to remember that you do not have to go through it alone. Seeking out support from a mental health professional, support group, or trusted friend or family member can also be helpful.

REFERENCES

  • Suetani, S., Kisely, S., & Siskind, D. J. (2021). The effectiveness of social support interventions for people with severe mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(4), 303-317. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000651