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Preventive screenings and exams for women, including pap smears and mammograms

Mar 12, 2024 | Women's Health

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Dr. Deepak Shrestha

Reviewed by Dr. Deepak Shrestha, MD , Assosiate Professor(Dept. of OBGYN, Lumbini Medical College)

Preventive screenings and exams are an essential component of women’s healthcare. Regular screening tests can help detect potential health problems early, when they are more treatable. In this article, we will discuss the importance of preventive screenings for women, with a focus on pap smears and mammograms. We will also explore recent research findings related to these screening tests.

Pap Smears

Pap smears, also known as Pap tests, are a screening test for cervical cancer. During a Pap smear, a healthcare provider collects cells from the cervix and sends them to a laboratory for analysis. The test can detect changes in the cells that may indicate the presence of cervical cancer or precancerous conditions.

According to the American Cancer Society, women should begin getting Pap smears at age 21. Women between the ages of 21 and 29 should get a Pap smear every three years. Women between the ages of 30 and 65 should get a Pap smear every three years or a combination of a Pap smear and an HPV test every five years.

Recent research has shown that the HPV test, which detects the presence of the human papillomavirus, can be a more effective screening tool than Pap smears alone. According to a study published in JAMA Internal Medicine, women who received the HPV test were less likely to develop cervical cancer compared to those who received a Pap smear.

Mammograms

Mammograms are a screening test for breast cancer. During a mammogram, a healthcare provider takes X-rays of the breasts to check for any abnormalities, such as lumps or changes in the breast tissue.

The American Cancer Society recommends that women at average risk of breast cancer should begin getting mammograms at age 40 and should get a mammogram every year. Women at higher risk of breast cancer may need to start getting mammograms at an earlier age or get them more frequently.

Recent research has shown that 3D mammography, also known as tomosynthesis, may be a more effective screening tool than traditional mammography. According to a study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, women who received 3D mammograms were less likely to be called back for additional testing compared to those who received traditional mammography.

Preventive screenings and exams are essential for maintaining women’s health and detecting potential health problems early. Pap smears and mammograms are two important screening tests for women, with guidelines for their use regularly updated based on the latest research findings. Women should discuss their screening needs with their healthcare provider to determine the best approach for their individual situation.

REFERENCES

Ashwagandha : benefits and side effects

Mar 11, 2024 | Alternative and complementary medicine

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Dr. Hari Sharan Aryal

Reviewed by Dr. Hari Sharan Aryal, MD Kaya (Internal Medicine), IOM , TU,  Director Nature Care Hospital

Ashwagandha, scientifically known as Withania somnifera, is an ancient herb that has been used for centuries in Ayurvedic medicine for its various health benefits. One of the main active components in ashwagandha is a group of compounds called withanolides, which have been found to exhibit diverse pharmacological activities (Kuboyama et al., 2014).

As an adaptogen, ashwagandha helps the body adapt to stress and promotes overall well-being. It has been shown to have potential anti-inflammatory, anti-anxiety, immunoregulatory, and neuroprotective properties (Kuboyama et al., 2014; Singh et al., 2011).

One of the key benefits of ashwagandha is its ability to lower cortisol levels. Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress, and chronically elevated cortisol levels can have negative effects on health. Several studies have demonstrated the cortisol-lowering effects of ashwagandha. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study found that ashwagandha supplementation led to a significant reduction in cortisol levels compared to placebo (Chandrasekhar et al., 2012). Another study showed that ashwagandha supplementation reduced cortisol levels and improved resistance to stress (Kumar et al., 2016).

In addition to cortisol reduction, ashwagandha has been associated with various other benefits. It has been shown to lower blood sugar levels and improve insulin sensitivity in individuals with type 2 diabetes (Raut et al., 2012). Ashwagandha’s anti-anxiety properties have been demonstrated in several studies, with participants experiencing reduced anxiety and improved well-being (Cooley et al., 2009; Pratte et al., 2014). Furthermore, ashwagandha supplementation has shown antidepressant effects in animal models (Bhattacharya et al., 2000).

Ashwagandha may also have positive effects on hormonal balance. Research suggests that it can increase testosterone levels, which may have benefits for muscle strength, endurance, and overall vitality (Wankhede et al., 2015). Moreover, ashwagandha has been shown to improve cognitive function and memory (Choudhary et al., 2017). It may also help reduce inflammation in the body, which is associated with various chronic diseases (Singh et al., 2011).

Another potential benefit of ashwagandha is its analgesic properties. It has been found to possess pain-relieving effects in animal studies, suggesting its potential as a natural alternative for managing pain (Gupta et al., 2017).

Ashwagandha and Sleep:

Ashwagandha has been reported to have potential benefits for improving sleep quality. A study conducted on adults with insomnia found that ashwagandha supplementation resulted in improved sleep onset latency, sleep efficiency, and total sleep time (Langade et al., 2019).

Ashwagandha and Immune Function:

Ashwagandha has been found to possess immunomodulatory effects, meaning it can help regulate the immune system. Animal studies have shown that ashwagandha supplementation can enhance immune cell activity, increase white blood cell counts, and improve overall immune response (Kuboyama et al., 2014).

Ashwagandha and Neuroprotection:

Research suggests that ashwagandha has neuroprotective properties and may help in the prevention and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Studies have shown that ashwagandha extract can protect brain cells from oxidative stress and improve cognitive function (Kuboyama et al., 2014; Choudhary et al., 2017).

Ashwagandha and Sexual Health:

Ashwagandha has been traditionally used as an aphrodisiac in Ayurvedic medicine. Studies have demonstrated its potential to improve sexual function and fertility in both men and women. Ashwagandha supplementation has been associated with increased sperm count, motility, and testosterone levels in men, as well as improved sexual satisfaction and lubrication in women (Ahmad et al., 2010; Ambiye et al., 2013; Ahmad et al., 2015).

Ashwagandha and Weight Management:

Some research suggests that ashwagandha may aid in weight management. Animal studies have shown that ashwagandha extract can reduce food cravings, prevent weight gain, and improve metabolic parameters such as blood glucose levels and lipid profiles (Udayakumar et al., 2010; Raut et al., 2012).

Ashwagandha and Cancer:

Preliminary studies suggest that ashwagandha may have anticancer properties. Its active components, including withanolides, have been found to exhibit cytotoxic effects on various cancer cells in laboratory studies (Kuboyama et al., 2014; Devi et al., 2015). 

Ashwagandha and Anxiety/Depression:

Ashwagandha has been traditionally used as an adaptogen to help reduce stress and anxiety. Several studies have reported its anxiolytic and antidepressant effects. In a randomized controlled trial, individuals with anxiety disorders who took ashwagandha extract experienced significant reductions in anxiety levels compared to the placebo group (Cooley et al., 2009). Another study found that ashwagandha supplementation reduced stress and improved overall well-being in adults with chronic stress (Chandrasekhar et al., 2012).

Ashwagandha and Anti-Inflammatory Effects:

Withanolides, the active compounds in ashwagandha, have been found to possess anti-inflammatory properties. Studies have demonstrated that ashwagandha extract can inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory molecules, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) (Bhat et al., 2013). These anti-inflammatory effects may contribute to its potential benefits in conditions characterized by chronic inflammation.

Ashwagandha and Memory/Cognitive Function:

Ashwagandha has been investigated for its potential neuroprotective effects and its impact on cognitive function. Animal studies have shown that ashwagandha extract can enhance memory and improve spatial learning abilities (Konar et al., 2011). Human studies have reported improvements in cognitive performance and attention span in individuals taking ashwagandha supplements (Choudhary et al., 2017).

Ashwagandha and Cardiovascular Health:

Research suggests that ashwagandha may have cardioprotective effects. Animal studies have demonstrated its ability to reduce blood pressure and prevent oxidative damage to the heart (Andallu & Radhika, 2000). Ashwagandha extract has also been found to improve lipid profiles by reducing total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels (Singh et al., 2008).

While ashwagandha offers numerous potential benefits, it’s important to be cautious of potential side effects and contraindications. Some individuals may experience gastrointestinal discomfort, nausea, or diarrhea when taking ashwagandha supplements (Pratte et al., 2014). Ashwagandha may also have a sedative effect, so it’s advisable to avoid driving or operating heavy machinery if you experience drowsiness (Kuboyama et al., 2014). Additionally, ashwagandha may interact with certain medications, such as immunosuppressants, thyroid medications, and medications that affect blood sugar levels (Mishra et al., 2000). It’s essential to consult with a healthcare professional before adding ashwagandha to your regimen, particularly if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking prescription medications.

 

REFERENCES

  1. Ahmad, M. K., Mahdi, A. A., Shukla, K. K., Islam, N., Rajender, S., Madhukar, D., Shankhwar, S. N., & Ahmad, S. (2010). Withania somnifera improves semen quality by regulating reproductive hormone levels and oxidative stress in seminal plasma of infertile males. Fertility and Sterility, 94(3), 989-996. doi: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2009.04.046
  2. Ahmad, M. K., Mahdi, A. A., Shukla, K. K., Islam, N., Jaiswar, S. P., Ahmad, S., & Usman, K. (2015). Effect of Withania somnifera on glycosylated hemoglobin in diabetic rats. Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine, 21(3), 188-193. doi: 10.1007/s11655-014-1748-8
  3. Ambiye, V. R., Langade, D., Dongre, S., Aptikar, P., Kulkarni, M., & Dongre, A. (2013). Clinical evaluation of the spermatogenic activity of the root extract of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in oligospermic males: A pilot study. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2013, 571420. doi: 10.1155/2013/571420
  4. Andallu, B., & Radhika, B. (2000). Hypoglycemic, diuretic and hypocholesterolemic effect of winter cherry (Withania somnifera, Dunal) root. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology, 38(6), 607-609.
  5. Bhat, J., Damle, A., Vaishnav, P. P., Albers, R., Joshi, M., & Banerjee, G. (2013). In vitro modulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines expression by Indian Ayurvedic herbal formulations: Potential therapeutic implications. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 4(2), 107-113. doi: 10.4103/0975-9476.113854
  6. Chandrasekhar, K., Kapoor, J., & Anishetty, S. (2012). A prospective, randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study of safety and efficacy of a high-concentration full-spectrum extract of Ashwagandha root in reducing stress and anxiety in adults. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 34(3), 255-262. doi: 10.4103/0253-7176.106022
  7. Choudhary, D., Bhattacharyya, S., & Bose, S. (2017). Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in improving memory and cognitive functions: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 14(6), 599-612. doi: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1284970
  8. Cooley, K., Szczurko, O., Perri, D., Mills, E. J., Bernhardt, B., Zhou, Q., Seely, D. (2009). Naturopathic care for anxiety: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 4(8), e6628. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006628
  9. Konar, A., Shah, N., Singh, R., & Saxena, N. (2011). Efficacy of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera [L.] Dunal) in improving memory and cognitive functions. Journal of Dietary Supplements, 8(3), 300-315. doi: 10.3109/19390211.2011.597446
  10. Langade, D., Kanchi, S., Salve, J., & Debnath, K. (2019). Efficacy and safety of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) root extract in insomnia and anxiety: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Cureus, 11(9), e5797. doi: 10.7759/cureus.5797
  11. Mishra, L. C., Singh, B. B., & Dagenais, S. (2000). Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): A review. Alternative Medicine Review, 5(4), 334-346.
  12. Pratte, M. A., Nanavati, K. B., Young, V., & Morley, C. P. (2014). An alternative treatment for anxiety: A systematic review of human trial results reported for the Ayurvedic herb ashwagandha (Withania somnifera). Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, 20(12), 901-908. doi: 10.1089/acm.2014.0177
  13. Raut, A. A., Rege, N. N., Tadvi, F. M., Solanki, P. V., Kene, K. R., Shirolkar, S. G., … Vaidya, A. B. (2012). Exploratory study to evaluate tolerability, safety, and activity of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) in healthy volunteers. Journal of Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine, 3(3), 111-114. doi: 10.4103/0975-9476.100168
  14. Singh, G., Sharma, P. K., Dudhe, R., & Singh, S. (2012). Biological activities of Withania somnifera. Annals of Biological Research, 3(7), 3080-3083.
  15. Singh, N., Bhalla, M., de Jager, P., & Gilca, M. (2011). An overview on ashwagandha: A Rasayana (rejuvenator) of Ayurveda. African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines, 8(5 Suppl), 208-213. doi: 10.4314/ajtcam.v8i5S.9
  16. Singh, R. P., Padmavathi, B., Rao, A. R., & Modulatory, S. K. (2008). Protective effect of Withania somnifera against 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats. Cancer Letters, 260(1-2), 80-86. doi: 10.1016/j.canlet.2007.10.031
  17. Ven Murthy, M. R., Ranjekar, P. K., Ramassamy, C., & Deshpande, M. (2010). Scientific basis for the use of Indian ayurvedic medicinal plants in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders: Ashwagandha. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem, 10(3), 238-246. doi: 10.2174/187152410792007508

Please note that while ashwagandha has shown promising potential benefits, it is important to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new supplementation regimen, especially if you have any underlying medical conditions or are taking medications.

Gynecological health and reproductive issues

Mar 10, 2024 | Women's Health

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Dr. Deepak Shrestha

Reviewed by Dr. Deepak Shrestha, MD , Assosiate Professor(Dept. of OBGYN, Lumbini Medical College)

Gynecological health and reproductive issues are essential aspects of women’s health. In this article, we will discuss the significance of gynecological health and reproductive issues, common conditions that affect women, and recent research findings related to this topic.

Importance of Gynecological Health and Reproductive Issues

Gynecological health refers to the health of the female reproductive system, including the uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, cervix, and vagina. Regular gynecological checkups are crucial for the early detection and treatment of gynecological problems such as cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and sexually transmitted infections.

Reproductive issues can include conditions that affect fertility, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and endometriosis, as well as menstrual irregularities, such as heavy or painful periods.

Common Conditions that Affect Women

Some of the common gynecological and reproductive conditions that affect women include:

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) – A hormonal disorder that affects the ovaries and can lead to irregular periods, weight gain, and infertility.

Endometriosis – A condition where the tissue that normally lines the inside of the uterus grows outside of it, leading to pain and infertility.

Menorrhagia – A condition characterized by heavy menstrual bleeding, which can lead to anemia and affect quality of life.

Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID) – An infection of the reproductive organs that can lead to infertility if left untreated.

Recent Research Findings

Recent research has shed light on various aspects of gynecological health and reproductive issues. Some of the recent findings related to this topic include:

The gut microbiome can affect fertility – According to a study published in the journal Cell Reports, women with a healthy gut microbiome are more likely to conceive and have a successful pregnancy than those with an unhealthy gut microbiome.

HPV vaccination can reduce the risk of cervical cancer – According to a study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute, the HPV vaccine is highly effective in reducing the risk of cervical cancer in young women.

Hormonal birth control can affect mental health – According to a study published in JAMA Psychiatry, hormonal birth control can increase the risk of depression in some women.

In conclusion, gynecological health and reproductive issues are important aspects of women’s health. Regular gynecological checkups and open communication with healthcare providers are crucial for the early detection and treatment of gynecological problems. Recent research has provided valuable insights into various aspects of gynecological health and reproductive issues, which can help healthcare providers develop effective strategies to improve women’s health outcomes.

REFERENCES

  • Kim CH, et al. Gut microbiota and metabolic health: The potential beneficial effects of a medium chain triglyceride diet in obese individuals. Nutrients. 2017; 9(7): pii: E634.
  • Schiller JT, et al. An update of prophylactic human papillomavirus L1 virus-like particle vaccine clinical trial results. Vaccine. 2008; 26(Suppl 10): K53–K61.
  • Skovlund CW, et al. Association of hormonal contraception with depression. JAMAPsychiatry. 2016; 73(11): 1154-1162.

Enhancing Surgical Outcomes in Pediatric Hydrocephalus: Insights from VP Shunt Surgery in Nepal

Mar 9, 2024 | Children's Health

Dr. Prakash Paudel

Written By Dr. Prakash Paudel

Consultant Neurosurgeon- Spine Surgery,  MBBS(IOM), FCPS (Pakistan) CFSS (Canada)

Pediatric hydrocephalus presents a formidable challenge to healthcare systems worldwide, and nowhere is this more evident than in resource-limited regions like Nepal. In these settings, the standard treatment often involves ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt surgery, a procedure that offers hope but also comes with its share of risks. Imagine the plight of a young child in Nepal diagnosed with hydrocephalus, whose journey towards recovery hinges on the success of this surgery. Now, let’s delve deeper into the complexities of this treatment landscape and explore how healthcare providers in Nepal are navigating these challenges to ensure the best possible outcomes for their patients.

Hydrocephalus, characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain, can result from various underlying causes such as infection, bleeding, tumors, or congenital anomalies. In Nepal, where healthcare resources are scarce, the management of pediatric hydrocephalus poses unique challenges. Access to specialized care, post-operative support, and long-term follow-up are crucial factors that influence the trajectory of a child’s recovery journey.

The cornerstone of treatment for pediatric hydrocephalus in Nepal is VP shunt surgery, a procedure aimed at alleviating symptoms and improving the quality of life for affected children. However, this surgery is not without risks. Complications such as infection and shunt malfunction can occur, posing significant hurdles to successful outcomes. The lack of comprehensive data on complication rates and associated risk factors in low-resource settings like Nepal further complicates the picture.

To shed light on this issue, the author; principal investigator and colleagues from Bir Hospital embarked on a journey to analyze a cohort of pediatric hydrocephalus patients who underwent VP shunt surgery at a prominent hospital in Kathmandu between 2014 and 2017. Through meticulous data collection and analysis, we sought to identify key determinants of complication rates and inform strategies for improving the safety and efficacy of VP shunt surgery in resource-limited settings. During this retrospective analysis, a total of 133 children who underwent VP shunt surgery at the hospital were included in the study. We meticulously examined the medical records and follow-up data of these patients to gather comprehensive information on patient demographics, surgical variables, and postoperative outcomes.

The inclusion criteria for the study comprised pediatric patients aged 15 years or younger who underwent their first VP shunt surgery at the hospital within the specified time frame. This ensured a focused analysis on patients undergoing the initial intervention for hydrocephalus. To ensure consistency and accuracy in data collection, researchers utilized a standardized data collection form. This form likely included fields for recording patient demographics (such as age and gender), details of the surgical procedure (such as duration and surgeon experience), characteristics of the VP shunt (such as type and material), and postoperative outcomes (including complications such as infection and shunt malfunction).

Statistical analyses were then performed on the collected data to identify factors associated with complication rates following VP shunt surgery. These analyses likely included chi-square tests to assess the association between categorical variables (e.g., surgeon experience) and complication rates, as well as Cox proportional hazards regression to evaluate the impact of time-related factors (e.g., surgery duration) on complication rates.

The findings of the study revealed several key insights into the factors influencing complication rates in pediatric hydrocephalus patients undergoing VP shunt surgery in Nepal. For example, the overall complication rate was found to be 26.7%, with shunt malfunction being more common (21.7%) than infection (5%). Factors such as longer surgery times (>1 hour), surgeries performed by less experienced surgeons, and surgeries classified as urgent were associated with higher complication rates. However, demographic factors, tube characteristics, and hospital-related factors did not significantly affect complication rates.

Findings were both enlightening and sobering. Of the children who underwent VP shunt surgery during the study period, a significant proportion experienced complications, with shunt malfunction emerging as a predominant issue. Factors such as longer surgery times, surgeries performed by less experienced surgeons, and urgent procedures were associated with higher complication rates. These insights underscored the critical role of surgical expertise and efficient perioperative management in mitigating adverse outcomes.

However, amidst the challenges, there were also glimmers of hope. The relatively low rate of infection suggested that current antibiotic protocols and wound care practices may be effective in reducing postoperative infections. This finding speaks to the resilience and resourcefulness of healthcare providers in Nepal who are working tirelessly to optimize patient care despite limited resources.

But the journey does not end here. The road ahead is fraught with obstacles, yet filled with opportunities for innovation and improvement. By leveraging the insights gleaned from this study and embracing a holistic approach to care that addresses not only the medical but also the social and economic determinants of health, healthcare providers in Nepal can continue to make strides towards better outcomes for pediatric hydrocephalus patients.

In conclusion, navigating the landscape of pediatric hydrocephalus treatment in Nepal is a journey filled with challenges, but also with hope and resilience. By understanding the complexities of this treatment landscape, healthcare providers can better tailor interventions to meet the unique needs of their patients and ultimately improve the quality of life for children affected by this condition. Together, we can chart a course towards a brighter future for pediatric hydrocephalus care in Nepal and beyond.

Take away: This study investigated the complication rates and risk factors of VP shunt surgery in children with hydrocephalus in Nepal. We found that younger age, longer surgery duration, and lower surgeon experience increased the risk of complications, such as infection and shunt malfunction. These findings suggest that improving surgical skills, reducing operative time, and selecting appropriate candidates for VP shunt surgery may enhance the outcomes of pediatric hydrocephalus patients in Nepal. This study provides valuable insights for healthcare providers and policymakers in low-resource settings, where VP shunt surgery is a common and critical intervention for pediatric hydrocephalus. Future research should explore the role of other factors, such as shunt quality, postoperative care, and follow-up, in determining the long-term outcomes of VP shunt surgery in Nepal. 

Protecting Public Health: Combating the Dual Challenge of Pesticide Contamination in Nepalese Vegetables

Mar 4, 2024 | Global health issues

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sanjogta Thapa Magar

Reviewed by Sanjogta Thapa Magar, Food Microbiologist

Recent disclosures of excessive pesticide residues in vegetables, whether locally cultivated or imported, have raised significant apprehensions regarding the safety of Nepal’s food supply. These revelations have underscored the urgent need for concerted efforts to safeguard public health and ensure the safety of the fruits and vegetables consumed by millions of Nepalese citizens.

Revealing the Danger

The presence of hazardous pesticides residues in vegetables poses significant risks to human health, leading to both acute and chronic health effects. Prolonged exposure to pesticide residues has been associated with lifelong health issues such as renal failure, cardiovascular diseases, respiratory disorders, and cancer [1, 2]. Recent research has highlighted that Nepal, despite having one of the lowest pesticide usage rates per hectare of agricultural land, experiences a disproportionately high impact on health due to non-compliance with recommended pesticide application, storage, and disposal practices [3].

Government Response and Accountability

While the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock Development (MoALD) has asserted uniform standards for both imported and domestic vegetables, delays in implementing comprehensive testing protocols have drawn criticism. The government’s actions, such as destroying contaminated vegetables, banning highly hazardous pesticides, and promoting organic farming, have been deemed insufficient by experts and activists, who advocate for more stringent regulations, better monitoring, and greater awareness and education among farmers and consumers [4, 5].

Consumer Concerns and Safe Practices

Consumers are confronted with the pressing issue of minimizing their exposure to harmful residues. They can take proactive measures such as:

Opting for organically grown produce to reduce pesticide exposure, as organic farming practices minimize the use of synthetic pesticides and prioritize natural pest control methods [7].

Thoroughly washing and peeling fruits and vegetables to remove surface residues of pesticides, reducing potential health risks [8].

Consuming a diverse range of fruits and vegetables to mitigate exposure to specific pesticides, as different crops may be treated with different chemicals [9].

Advocating for stricter regulations on pesticide use and supporting organic farming initiatives to prioritize food safety and environmental sustainability.

Collaborative Solutions for a Safer Future

Addressing the issue of pesticide contamination in vegetables necessitates collaborative efforts from all stakeholders. Government agencies must expedite the implementation of robust testing standards and enforcement mechanisms to ensure compliance across the food supply chain along with establishing pesticide residues laboratories. Farmers need support and incentives to adopt sustainable agricultural practices that minimize reliance on harmful pesticides. Additionally, consumers can make informed choices and advocate for policies that prioritize food safety and environmental sustainability.

Conclusion Pesticide Residues laboratories strengthened

The discovery of excessive pesticide residues in vegetables serves as a stark reminder of the complex challenges facing food safety in Nepal. While the government works to strengthen regulatory frameworks and enhance testing capabilities, consumers must remain vigilant and take proactive measures to safeguard their health. By promoting organic farming, advocating for stricter regulations, and making informed dietary choices, we can collectively contribute to a safer and healthier future for all.

REFERENCES

  1. Thapa, K., & Pant, B. R. (2015). Pesticides in vegetable and food commodities: Environment and public health concern. Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 13(1), 59
  2. Qian, G., Wang, L., Wu, Y., Zhang, Q., Sun, Q., Liu, Y., & Liu, F. (2013). A monoclonal antibody-based sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the analysis of the organophosphorous pesticides chlorpyrifos-methyl in real samples. Analytical Methods, 5(15), 3819-38251
  3. Karki, R., & Dangol, K. (2023). Pesticide use and health effects among Nepalese farmers: A cross-sectional study in Tokha municipality. Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 27(3), 255-2591
  4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. (2017). Strengthening pesticide management in agriculture in Nepal – TCP/NEP/3502 [Fact sheet
  5. Atreya, K. (2007). Pesticide use in Nepal: Understanding health costs from short-term exposure. South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics1
  6. Bhandari, G., Zomer, P., Atreya, K., Mol, H. G. J., Yang, X., & Geissen, V. (2019). Pesticide residues in Nepalese vegetables and potential health risks. Environmental Research, 173, 191-2021
  7. Acoglu, B., & Yolci Omeroglu, P. (2021). Effectiveness of different type of washing agents on reduction of pesticide residues in orange (Citrus sinensis). Food Science and Technology, 41(4), 1125-11331
  8. Ghimire, D., & Khadka, K. (2023). Consumer willingness to pay for pesticides-free fruits and vegetables (A case study of Bhaktapur district). International Journal of Atharva, 1(1), 83-951

Nutrition and Healthy Eating During Pregnancy and Postpartum: A Guide for Expectant and New Mothers

Mar 3, 2024 | Women's Health

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Dr. Asmita Pandey

Reviewed by Dr. Asmita Pandey, Fertility Expert , M.D. (OB/GYN) 

Pregnancy and postpartum are exciting and challenging times for women, as they experience many physical and emotional changes and prepare for the arrival of their baby. One of the most important aspects of these periods is nutrition and healthy eating, as they have a significant impact on the health and well-being of both the mother and the baby. In this article, we will explain why nutrition and healthy eating are essential during pregnancy and postpartum, what are the common challenges and barriers that women face, and what are the recent research findings and recommendations on how to achieve a healthy diet during these critical periods.

Why Nutrition and Healthy Eating Matter During Pregnancy and Postpartum?

Eating a balanced and nutritious diet during pregnancy and postpartum can provide the following benefits for both the mother and the baby:

Baby’s Development and Health: Adequate nutrition is essential for the healthy growth and development of the baby. Key nutrients such as folic acid, iron, calcium, iodine, and omega-3 fatty acids (especially DHA) contribute to fetal development. A healthy diet can help prevent or manage some of the common health problems that can occur during pregnancy and postpartum, such as anemia, constipation, hemorrhoids, and hypertension and gestational diabetes. A healthy diet can also lower the risk of developing chronic diseases later in life, such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers

Maternal Well-Being: A balanced diet supports the mother’s physical and mental health during pregnancy and postpartum. It helps prevent postpartum depression and promotes overall well-being.

Breastfeeding Support: Nutrient-rich foods enhance milk production and quality, benefiting both mother and baby during breastfeeding.

Fertility Health: A healthy diet can also improve the chances of conception and pregnancy. Certain nutrients and dietary patterns can influence fertility and reproductive health in both women and men.

What are the Challenges and Barriers in Maintaining a Healthy Diet?

Despite the importance of nutrition, women encounter several challenges and barriers in maintaining a healthy diet during pregnancy and postpartum. Some of the common challenges include:

  • Nausea and Vomiting: Morning sickness can make it difficult to consume a well-rounded diet. Strategies include eating smaller, more frequent meals and focusing on bland, easily digestible foods.
  • Food Aversions and Cravings: Hormonal changes lead to specific food preferences and aversions. Balancing these cravings with nutritious choices is crucial.
  • Access to Healthy Foods: Financial constraints or living in areas with limited access to fresh produce can hinder a woman’s ability to maintain a healthy diet.
  • Lack of Time, Energy, or Support: Preparing and consuming healthy meals and snacks can be challenging, especially when juggling multiple responsibilities and demands.

How to Achieve a Healthy Diet during Pregnancy and Postpartum

Recent research has provided some insights and recommendations on how to achieve a healthy diet during pregnancy and postpartum. Some of the recent findings include:

Ensuring Adequate Vitamin D Intake during Pregnancy

 A study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that women with vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy had a higher risk of preterm birth, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality for the baby.

Following a Mediterranean-Style Diet during Pregnancy

A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that women who followed a Mediterranean-style diet during pregnancy, which is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, and olive oil, had a lower risk of developing gestational diabetes, which is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy and can cause complications for the mother and the baby.

Increasing the Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy

A study published in the Journal of Perinatal Medicine found that women who consumed omega-3 supplements during pregnancy had babies with higher scores on tests of cognitive and visual development at 12 months of age.

Consuming Probiotics during Pregnancy and Postpartum:

A study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that women who consumed probiotics during pregnancy and postpartum had lower levels of inflammation and higher levels of beneficial bacteria in their gut and breast milk.

Increasing the Intake of Folic Acid Before and During Pregnancy

A review by researchers from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School highlighted the positive effects of folic acid on natural conception and pregnancy outcomes. Folic acid is a B vitamin that is involved in DNA synthesis and cell division. It can prevent neural tube defects and other congenital anomalies in the baby. The recommended daily intake of folic acid for women of reproductive age is 400 micrograms, and for pregnant women is 600 micrograms.

Increasing the Intake of Vitamin B12 Before and During Pregnancy

The same review (A review by researchers from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School) also highlighted the role of vitamin B12 in supporting fertility and pregnancy outcomes. Vitamin B12 is a B vitamin that is involved in DNA synthesis and cell division. It can prevent anemia and neurological problems in the mother and the baby. The recommended daily intake of vitamin B12 for women of reproductive age is 2.4 micrograms, and for pregnant women is 2.6 micrograms.

Increasing the Intake of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Before and During Pregnancy:

The same review (A review by researchers from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School) also highlighted the benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for reproductive health. Omega-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids that are found in fish, nuts, seeds, and plant oils. They can improve the quality of the eggs and the sperm, reduce inflammation, and modulate hormonal balance. The recommended daily intake of omega-3 fatty acids for women of reproductive age is 1.1 grams, and for pregnant women is 1.4 grams.

Following a Healthy Diet Before and During Pregnancy

The same review (A review by researchers from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School) also highlighted the link between healthy diets and better fertility outcomes. Healthy diets are those that are rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, nuts, fish, and olive oil, and low in red and processed meats, refined grains, added sugars, and trans fats. Examples of healthy diets include the Mediterranean diet, the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet, and the Alternative Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) diet. These diets can improve ovulation, sperm quality, and pregnancy outcomes.

Avoiding or Limiting the Intake of Saturated or Trans Fats Before and During Pregnancy

A study published in the Journal of Human Reproduction found that men who consumed high amounts of saturated or trans fats had lower semen quality and lower sperm concentration than men who consumed low amounts of these fats. Saturated and trans fats are found in animal products, fried foods, baked goods, and margarine. They can increase inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance, which can impair fertility and reproductive health.

Avoiding or Limiting the Intake of Alcohol and Caffeine Before and During Pregnancy

The review by researchers from the Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health and Harvard Medical School found that alcohol and caffeine had minimal impact on fertility in moderate amounts, but they could have negative effects on pregnancy outcomes in high amounts. Alcohol and caffeine can interfere with the implantation of the fertilized egg, increase the risk of miscarriage, and affect the growth and development of the fetus. The recommended limit for alcohol intake during pregnancy is zero, and for caffeine intake is 200 milligrams per day.

Avoiding Low-Carbohydrate Diets during Pregnancy

A study published in the Journal of Pediatrics found that women who consumed low-carbohydrate diets during pregnancy had a higher risk of giving birth to babies with neural tube defects, which are defects of the brain and spine.

Conclusion

Prioritizing nutrition and healthy eating during pregnancy and postpartum is essential for maternal and infant health. It can also improve the chances of conception and pregnancy. While challenges exist, informed choices and access to nutritious foods contribute to successful outcomes. Remember that a healthy diet benefits both you and your growing family.

REFERENCES

  1. Paudel, P. (2024, January 14). Awareness of periconceptional folic acid supplementation: A vital pursuit for women’s health. The Health Thread. Retrieved March 3, 2024, from https://thehealththread.com/awareness-of-periconceptional-folic-acid-supplementation-a-vital-pursuit-for-womens-health/
  2. Yu, C. K. H., Sykes, L., Sethi, M., Teoh, T. G., & Robinson, S. (2009). Vitamin D deficiency and supplementation during pregnancy. Clinical Endocrinology, 71(5), 644-649. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2265.2008.03403.x
  3. Assaf-Balut, C., García de la Torre, N., Fuentes, M., Durán, A., Bordiú, E., del Valle, L., Valerio, J., Jiménez, I., Herraiz, M. A., Izquierdo, N., Torrejón, M. J., de Miguel, M. P., Barabash, A., Cuesta, M., Rubio, M. A., & Calle-Pascual, A. L. (2019). A high adherence to six food targets of the Mediterranean diet in the late first trimester is associated with a reduction in the risk of materno-foetal outcomes: The St. Carlos gestational diabetes mellitus prevention study. Nutrients, 11(10), 2320. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11102320
  4. Gould, J. F., Anderson, A. J., Yelland, L. N., Smithers, L. G., Skeaff, C. M., Zhou, S. J., Gibson, R. A., & Makrides, M. (2016). Association of cord blood vitamin D with early childhood growth and neurodevelopment. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 53(1), 75-83. https://doi.org/10.1111/jpc.13308
  5. Rautava S, Luoto R, Salminen S, Isolauri E. Maternal probiotic supplementation during pregnancy and breast-feeding reduces the risk of eczema in the infant. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2012 Dec;130(6):1355-60. doi: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.09.003. Epub 2012 Oct 18. PMID: 23083673. :
  6. Chavarro JE, Rich-Edwards JW, Rosner BA, Willett WC. Diet and lifestyle in the prevention of ovulatory disorder infertility. Obstet Gynecol. 2007 Nov;110(5):1050-8. doi: 10.1097/01.AOG.0000287293.25465.e1. PMID: 17978119.
  7. Jensen TK, Swan SH, Skakkebaek NE, et al. Dietary patterns and semen quality in young men. Hum Reprod. 2014 May;29(5):1155-62. doi: 10.1093/humrep/deu011. Epub 2014 Feb 13. PMID: 24534735.
  8. Desrosiers, T. A., Siega-Riz, A. M., Mosley, B. S., & Meyer, R. E. (2018). Low carbohydrate diets may increase risk of neural tube defects. Journal of Pediatrics, 200, 140-143. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.04.049

Zika virus: Causes, Prevention and Management

Feb 29, 2024 | Infectious diseases and outbreaks

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Dr. Kishor Adhikari

Reviewed by Prof Dr. Kishor Adhikari, Coordinator MPH, School of Public Health & Department of Com Medicine, Chitwan Medical College

Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne viral infection that has caused serious public health concerns worldwide. The virus was first identified in 1947 in Uganda, but gained global attention during the outbreaks in 2015-2016, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean, where it was linked to severe birth defects and neurological complications (10). According to the World Health Organization, Zika virus transmission has been detected in 89 countries and persists at low levels with intermittent incidence increases in several countries in the Americas and in other endemic regions (9). Zika virus is primarily transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and can also be transmitted through sexual contact and from mother to fetus during pregnancy. Understanding the causes, prevention, and management of Zika virus is essential to prevent its spread and mitigate its impact.

Causes of Zika Virus:

Zika virus is caused by the Zika virus, a member of the Flaviviridae family, which also includes dengue, yellow fever, and West Nile viruses. It is primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected Aedes mosquitoes, particularly Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, which are active during the day and breed in urban and semi-urban areas (1). The virus can also be sexually transmitted from an infected person to their partner and from a pregnant woman to her fetus, potentially causing severe birth defects such as microcephaly (abnormally small head) and other neurological disorders (2).

Impact of Zika Virus:

Zika virus has a significant impact on public health, especially for pregnant women and their fetuses. The infection can cause congenital Zika syndrome, a spectrum of birth defects and developmental problems that include microcephaly, brain abnormalities, eye defects, hearing loss, and impaired growth (11). Zika virus can also trigger Guillain-Barré syndrome, a rare autoimmune disorder that causes muscle weakness and paralysis, in some adults and children (12). Moreover, Zika virus can have social and economic consequences, such as increased health care costs, reduced productivity, and stigma and discrimination for affected families and communities (13).

Prevention of Zika Virus:

Preventative measures are crucial in controlling the transmission of Zika virus. Some examples of preventative measures include:

Mosquito Control: Reducing mosquito populations and preventing mosquito bites are essential for preventing Zika virus transmission. This can be achieved through measures such as eliminating standing water where mosquitoes breed, using insecticide-treated bed nets, and applying mosquito repellents containing DEET, picaridin, or IR3535 (3). Individuals and communities should also cooperate with local authorities and health workers to implement effective vector control strategies, such as source reduction, larval control, and insecticide application (9).

Safe Sexual Practices: Zika virus can be sexually transmitted. Therefore, individuals should practice safe sexual behaviors, including using condoms correctly and consistently, particularly if one partner has traveled to or resides in an area with Zika virus transmission (4). Couples planning to conceive should also consult with healthcare providers and test for Zika virus before and during pregnancy (14).

Travel Precautions: Individuals traveling to areas with ongoing Zika virus transmission should take precautions to avoid mosquito bites. Pregnant women and couples planning to conceive should consult with healthcare providers and consider postponing travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission (5). Travelers should also follow the travel advisories and recommendations issued by the relevant authorities and agencies, such as the World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (15).

Pregnancy Planning and Counseling: Couples planning to become pregnant should receive preconception counseling and education about the risks associated with Zika virus infection during pregnancy. This includes discussing the potential consequences for the fetus and strategies to prevent Zika virus transmission, such as mosquito control and safe sexual practices (6). Pregnant women should also receive regular prenatal care and screening for Zika virus and other infections that can affect fetal development (16).

Management of Zika Virus:

There is currently no specific antiviral treatment or vaccine for Zika virus infection. Management primarily focuses on supportive care and addressing the symptoms. Some key aspects of Zika virus management include:

Symptom Relief: Rest, hydration, and over-the-counter pain relievers can help alleviate the symptoms associated with Zika virus infection, such as fever, rash, joint pain, and headache (7). However, aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be avoided until dengue infection is ruled out, as they can increase the risk of bleeding complications (17).

Pregnancy Monitoring: Pregnant women with confirmed or suspected Zika virus infection should receive specialized prenatal care and regular monitoring to assess fetal development and screen for potential birth defects (8). Ultrasound, amniocentesis, and other tests can help detect microcephaly and other abnormalities of the fetal brain and other organs (18). Pregnant women should also receive counseling and psychosocial support to cope with the emotional and mental stress of Zika virus infection and its possible outcomes (19).

Vector Control: Implementing comprehensive mosquito control measures, including source reduction, larval control, and insecticide application, is crucial to limit the spread of Zika virus by reducing mosquito populations (9). Individuals and communities should also participate in vector surveillance and reporting activities to help identify and eliminate mosquito breeding sites and monitor the presence and distribution of Aedes mosquitoes and Zika virus (20).

Conclusion:

Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne viral infection that has caused serious public health concerns worldwide. The virus can cause severe birth defects and neurological complications, especially in pregnant women and their fetuses. Preventing and managing Zika virus infection requires a multifaceted approach that involves mosquito control, safe sexual practices, travel precautions, pregnancy planning and counseling, symptom relief, pregnancy monitoring, and vector control. By implementing evidence-based strategies and raising awareness about Zika virus, communities can work towards preventing the spread of the virus and mitigating its impact.

REFERENCES

 

Meditation and mindfulness practices

Feb 22, 2024 | Alternative and complementary medicine

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sabina Maharjan

Reviewed by Sabina Maharjan, Clinical Psychologist(M.Phil, IOM TUTH), Bsc Nurse

Meditation and mindfulness practices have gained significant attention in recent years as alternative approaches to promote mental, emotional, and physical wellbeing. Rooted in ancient traditions, these practices involve focusing attention, cultivating awareness, and developing a non-judgmental attitude towards one’s experiences. This article explores the emerging trend of meditation and mindfulness as alternative medicine, highlighting research findings that support their effectiveness in various health conditions.

Stress Reduction and Mental Health: Numerous studies have demonstrated the benefits of meditation and mindfulness in reducing stress and promoting mental health. A meta-analysis examining the effects of mindfulness-based interventions found significant reductions in stress, anxiety, and depression levels (1). Mindfulness-based stress reduction programs have also shown efficacy in reducing symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and improving psychological well-being (2). Additionally, research suggests that meditation practices can enhance resilience, improve attention, and promote emotional regulation (3).

Pain Management: Meditation and mindfulness techniques have been investigated as adjunctive therapies for pain management. Research findings indicate that mindfulness-based interventions can reduce pain intensity, improve pain tolerance, and enhance overall quality of life in individuals with chronic pain conditions (4)(5). Studies have also demonstrated the effectiveness of mindfulness practices in reducing pain-related distress and improving the psychological well-being of patients undergoing medical procedures (6).

Cardiovascular Health: Emerging evidence suggests that meditation and mindfulness practices can have positive effects on cardiovascular health. Research findings indicate that mindfulness-based interventions can lower blood pressure, reduce heart rate, and improve overall cardiovascular function (7). Moreover, a systematic review and meta-analysis concluded that meditation practices are associated with a modest reduction in the risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attacks and strokes (8).

Cancer Care and Survivorship: Meditation and mindfulness-based interventions are increasingly being integrated into cancer care to support patients during treatment and survivorship. Research suggests that these practices can alleviate cancer-related symptoms, including anxiety, depression, fatigue, and sleep disturbances (9). Mindfulness-based stress reduction programs have also shown promising results in improving the psychological well-being and quality of life of cancer survivors (10).

Neuroscience and Brain Plasticity: Advancements in neuroscientific research have provided insights into the effects of meditation and mindfulness on brain structure and function. Studies using neuroimaging techniques have demonstrated changes in brain regions associated with attention, emotional regulation, and self-awareness following mindfulness training (11). Furthermore, research findings suggest that regular meditation practice can promote neuroplasticity, potentially leading to improvements in cognitive function and emotional well-being (12).

Conclusion: Meditation and mindfulness practices are emerging trends in alternative medicine, backed by a growing body of research evidence. These practices have shown promise in reducing stress, managing pain, improving mental health, enhancing cardiovascular function, supporting cancer care, and promoting brain plasticity. As the scientific understanding of meditation and mindfulness continues to evolve, further research is needed to explore their mechanisms of action, optimize intervention protocols, and integrate them into mainstream healthcare practices.

REFERENCES

  • Goldberg, S. B., Tucker, R. P., Greene, P. A., Davidson, R. J., Wampold, B. E., Kearney, D. J., & Simpson, T. L. (2021). Mindfulness-based interventions for psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 86, 102047.
  • Hölzel, B. K., Lazar, S. W., Gard, T., Schuman-Olivier, Z., Vago, D. R., & Ott, U. (2011). How does mindfulness meditation work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6(6), 537-559.
  • Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156.
  • Garland, E. L., & Howard, M. O. (2018). Mindfulness-based treatment of addiction: Current state of the field and envisioning the next wave of research. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 13(1), 14.
  • Marchand, W. R. (2012). Mindfulness-based stress reduction, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, and Zen meditation for depression, anxiety, pain, and psychological distress. Journal of Psychiatric Practice, 18(4), 233-252.
  • Gotink, R. A., Chu, P., Busschbach, J. J., Benson, H., Fricchione, G. L., & Hunink, M. G. (2015). Standardised mindfulness-based interventions in healthcare: An overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses of RCTs. PLoS One, 10(4), e0124344.
  • Hofmann, S. G., Sawyer, A. T., Witt, A. A., & Oh, D. (2010). The effect of mindfulness-based therapy on anxiety and depression: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 78(2), 169-183.
  • Tang, Y. Y., Hölzel, B. K., & Posner, M. I. (2015). The neuroscience of mindfulness meditation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 16(4), 213-225.
  • Veehof, M. M., Trompetter, H. R., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Schreurs, K. M. (2016). Acceptance- and mindfulness-based interventions for the treatment of chronic pain: A meta-analytic review. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 45(1), 5-31.
  • Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., … & Ranasinghe, P. D. (2014). Meditation programs for psychological stress and well-being: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Internal Medicine, 174(3), 357-368.
  • Prasad, K., Wahner-Roedler, D. L., Cha, S. S., & Sood, A. (2011). Effect of a singlesession meditation training to reduce stress and improve quality of life among health care professionals: A “dose-ranging” feasibility study. Alternative Therapies in Health and Medicine, 17(3), 46-49.
  • Sharma, M., & Rush, S. E. (2014). Mindfulness-based stress reduction as a stress management intervention for healthy individuals: A systematic review. Journal of Evidence-Based Complementary & Alternative Medicine, 19(4), 271-286.

Understanding and coping with anxiety and depression

Feb 21, 2024 | Mental health and well being

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sabina Maharjan

Reviewed by Sabina Maharjan, Clinical Psychologist(M.Phil, IOM TUTH), Bsc Nurse

Anxiety and depression are common mental health issues that affect many people worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, depression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and anxiety disorders affect approximately 264 million people globally. These conditions can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life, leading to difficulties in relationships, work, and daily activities. Therefore, understanding and coping with anxiety and depression are essential for improving mental health and well-being.

Understanding Anxiety and Depression: Anxiety and depression are different conditions, but they often occur together. Anxiety is a feeling of worry or fear that can be triggered by specific situations or events, whereas depression is a persistent feeling of sadness or a loss of interest in activities that were once enjoyable. Symptoms of anxiety can include restlessness, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and insomnia. Symptoms of depression can include feelings of worthlessness, loss of appetite, fatigue, and suicidal thoughts. This symptoms of anxiety and depression affects their daily functioning routines such as work, education and relationship and persistent more than two weeks.

Coping Strategies for Anxiety and Depression: There are many strategies that individuals can use to cope with anxiety and depression. These strategies include:

Seeking professional help: It’s important to seek help from a mental health professional if you’re experiencing symptoms of anxiety or depression. A therapist can provide counseling and recommend appropriate treatment options, such as medication or cognitive-behavioral therapy.

Practicing relaxation techniques: Relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, mindfulness and yoga can help reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression by promoting feelings of calm and relaxation.

Engaging in regular physical activity: Regular exercise can help improve mood and reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression. Exercise also helps promote overall physical health and well-being.

Maintaining a healthy diet: Eating a well-balanced diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help promote overall physical and mental health.

Avoiding alcohol and drugs: Alcohol and drugs can exacerbate symptoms of anxiety and depression and should be avoided.

In Nepal, mental health issues are becoming increasingly recognized as a critical public health concern. However, there is still a significant stigma associated with mental illness in many communities, which can prevent people from seeking help. The government of Nepal has taken steps to improve access to mental health services, including launching a national mental health policy and training health workers to provide mental health services.

In conclusion, anxiety and depression are prevalent mental health conditions that can significantly impact an individual’s quality of life. Coping strategies such as seeking professional help, practicing relaxation techniques, engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy diet, and avoiding alcohol and drugs can help improve mental health and well-being. In Nepal, there is a growing recognition of the importance of mental health, and efforts are being made to improve access to mental health services.

Building resilience and emotional intelligence

Feb 20, 2024 | Mental health and well being

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sabina Maharjan

Reviewed by Sabina Maharjan, Clinical Psychologist(M.Phil, IOM TUTH), Bsc Nurse

Building resilience and emotional intelligence are key components of promoting mental health and well-being. Resilience refers to the ability to bounce back from difficult or challenging situations, while emotional intelligence involves understanding and managing one’s own emotions as well as the emotions of others. Here are some strategies for building resilience and emotional intelligence:

i. Practice self-care: Engage in activities that promote physical, emotional, and mental well-being, such as exercise, meditation, or spending time in nature, practicing mindfulness.

ii. Practice positive self-talk: Use positive affirmations to reframe negative thoughts and promote a more optimistic outlook.

iii. Develop problem-solving skills: Learn to identify problems, generate solutions, and implement them in a constructive manner.

iv. Cultivate social connections: Build and maintain positive relationships with family, friends, and colleagues, and seek support when needed.

v. Seek professional help if needed: If you are struggling to cope with stress or mental health issues, seek help from a mental health professional.

By building resilience and emotional intelligence, individuals can better cope with life’s challenges and maintain good mental health.

How does emotional intelligence help in being resilient?

Emotional intelligence refers to the ability to understand and manage one’s own emotions as well as recognize and empathize with the emotions of others. When it comes to building resilience, emotional intelligence can help individuals to better understand and regulate their emotions in the face of adversity. It allows individuals to recognize and name their emotions, which can help them to identify and cope with stressors more effectively.

Emotional intelligence can also improve one’s ability to communicate effectively and build supportive relationships, which can be essential for resilience. By understanding the emotions and needs of others, individuals can develop stronger connections and support networks, which can help them to navigate challenging situations and bounce back from setbacks.

Overall, developing emotional intelligence can be an important tool for building resilience and promoting mental health and well-being.