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The Health Thread

Exercise and physical activity for women at different life stages

Aug 9, 2023 | Women's Health

Exercise and physical activity are essential for women of all ages and stages of life. Regular exercise can help women maintain a healthy weight, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, improve mental health and well-being, and increase overall quality of life. In this article, we will discuss the importance of exercise and physical activity for women at different life stages and review recent research findings on this topic.

Adolescence

Regular physical activity during adolescence is critical for building strong bones and muscles, maintaining a healthy weight, and reducing the risk of chronic diseases later in life. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC), adolescents should get at least one hour of moderate to vigorous physical activity each day. This can include activities like walking, running, dancing, or playing sports.

Adulthood

During adulthood, regular exercise can help women maintain a healthy weight, reduce the risk of chronic diseases like heart disease and diabetes, and improve mental health and well-being. The American Heart Association recommends that adults engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity per week. Additionally, strength training exercises should be done at least twice a week.

Pregnancy

Exercise and physical activity are generally safe and beneficial for pregnant women, as long as they are cleared by their healthcare provider. Regular exercise during pregnancy can help reduce the risk of gestational diabetes, preterm labor, and cesarean delivery. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that pregnant women engage in at least 150 minutes of moderate- intensity aerobic activity per week.

Postpartum

Exercise and physical activity can also be beneficial for women in the postpartum period. Regular exercise can help women regain strength and energy, reduce the risk of postpartum depression, and improve overall well-being. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that women with uncomplicated vaginal deliveries can begin exercising as soon as they feel ready, while women with cesarean deliveries should wait until they are cleared by their healthcare provider.

Recent Research Findings

Recent research has highlighted the importance of exercise and physical activity for women at different life stages. Some of the recent findings related to this topic include:

Regular exercise during pregnancy can improve newborns’ brain function – According to a study published in the journal eLife, pregnant women who exercised for at least 20 minutes, three times a week, had babies with more mature brain activity than those born to women who did not exercise.

Strength training can improve bone health in postmenopausal women – According to a study published in the Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, postmenopausal women who engaged in strength training exercises had better bone health and reduced the risk of fractures compared to those who did not exercise.

Conclusion

Exercise and physical activity are crucial for women at all life stages. Regular exercise can help women maintain a healthy weight, reduce the risk of chronic diseases, and improve mental health and well-being. Pregnant and postpartum women can also benefit from regular exercise, as long as it is done safely and under the guidance of a healthcare provider. Recent research has provided valuable insights into the benefits of exercise and physical activity for women, which can help healthcare providers develop effective strategies to promote physical activity and improve women’s health outcomes.

REFERENCES

How to incorporate physical activity into your daily routine

Aug 9, 2023 | Fitness and Exercise

Incorporating physical activity into your daily routine is a great way to improve your overall health and well-being. Even if you have a busy schedule, there are simple and effective ways to add more movement to your day.

Recent research has shown that incorporating physical activity into your daily routine has numerous health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases, improving cardiovascular health, and boosting mood and energy levels.

Here are some tips on how to incorporate physical activity into your daily routine:

Walk or bike to work: Instead of driving or taking public transportation, consider walking or biking to work. This is a great way to get your heart rate up and burn some calories before your day even begins.

Take the stairs: Instead of taking the elevator or escalator, opt for the stairs. This is an easy way to add more movement to your day and get your heart rate up.

Stand up and move around every hour: If you have a desk job, it’s important to take breaks and move around throughout the day. Set a reminder to stand up and move around every hour, even if it’s just for a few minutes.

Do a quick workout at home: Even if you don’t have time to go to the gym, you can still get in a quick workout at home. There are plenty of online workout videos that require little to no equipment and can be done in a small space.

Take a walking break during lunch: Instead of sitting down for your entire lunch break, take a walk outside. This is a great way to get some fresh air and add more movement to your day.

Do household chores: Cleaning, gardening, and other household chores require physical activity and can be a great way to burn some extra calories.

Incorporating physical activity into your daily routine doesn’t have to be complicated or time-consuming. By making small changes to your daily habits, you can improve your overall health and well-being.

Preventing complications of chronic conditions

Aug 7, 2023 | Chronic condition and their management

Preventing complications of chronic conditions is essential to improve the quality of life of individuals with chronic illnesses. This research-based article provides an overview of the latest findings on preventing complications of chronic conditions and examples of preventative measures.

Latest Research-Based Findings:

Recent research has identified several effective strategies to prevent complications of chronic conditions. These include:

Patient Education: Providing patients with information about their condition, including its management, symptoms, and potential complications, can improve self-management and reduce the risk of complications (1). Education can be delivered through various formats, such as group sessions, individual counseling, and online resources.

Medication Adherence: Adherence to prescribed medications is critical in preventing complications of chronic conditions. A recent meta-analysis found that improving medication adherence reduces the risk of hospitalization and mortality in patients with chronic conditions (2). Several interventions, such as medication reminders, simplified regimens, and pharmacist-led interventions, have been shown to improve adherence.

Lifestyle Modification: Adopting healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular physical activity, healthy eating, and smoking cessation, can reduce the risk of complications associated with chronic conditions. For instance, research has found that physical activity improves glycemic control and reduces the risk of cardiovascular complications in patients with diabetes (3). Additionally, smoking cessation has been shown to reduce the risk of respiratory complications in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (4).

Regular Monitoring: Regular monitoring of chronic conditions, such as blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid levels, can detect early signs of complications and allow for prompt intervention. Several digital health technologies, such as smartphone applications and wearable devices, have been developed to enable self-monitoring and remote monitoring of chronic conditions.

Preventative Measures:

Examples of preventative measures to prevent complications of chronic conditions include:

Regular Check-Ups: Regular check-ups with healthcare providers can help detect early signs of complications and allow for prompt intervention.

Patient Education: Patients should be provided with information about their condition, its management, and potential complications.

Medication Adherence: Patients should be encouraged to adhere to prescribed medications, and interventions such as medication reminders, simplified regimens, and pharmacist-led interventions should be implemented to improve adherence.

Lifestyle Modification: Patients should be advised to adopt healthy lifestyle habits, such as regular physical activity, healthy eating, and smoking cessation.

Regular Monitoring: Patients should be encouraged to regularly monitor their chronic condition, and digital health technologies such as smartphone applications and wearable devices can be used to enable self-monitoring and remote monitoring.

Conclusion:

Preventing complications of chronic conditions is critical in improving the quality of life of individuals with chronic illnesses. Patient education, medication adherence, lifestyle modification, and regular monitoring are effective strategies to prevent complications of chronic conditions. Healthcare providers should work with patients to develop personalized prevention plans and implement interventions that promote healthy habits and improve self-management.

REFERENCES

  • Viswanathan M, Golin CE, Jones CD, et al. Interventions to improve adherence to self-administered medications for chronic diseases in the United States: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(11):785-795.
  • Nieuwlaat R, Wilczynski N, Navarro T, et al. Interventions for enhancing medication adherence. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;11:CD000011.
  • Colberg SR, Sigal RJ, Fernhall B, et al. Exercise and type 2 diabetes: the American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: joint position statement. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):e147-e167.
  • Tønnesen P, Carrozzi L, Fagerström KO, et al. Smoking cessation in patients with respiratory diseases: a high priority, integral component of therapy. Eur Respir J. 2007;29(2):390-417.

Common childhood illnesses and their treatment

Aug 7, 2023 | Children's Health

Research on common childhood illnesses has provided valuable insights into their treatment and management. This article highlights some of these findings, along with recommended treatments for specific childhood illnesses, supported by references.

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTIs): URTIs, such as the common cold and flu, are prevalent in children. Research suggests the following treatment approaches:

a. Supportive care: Encourage rest, hydration, and adequate nutrition to help the child recover (1).

b. Symptom relief: Administer over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to alleviate fever, pain, and discomfort (2).

c. Nasal saline drops or sprays: These can help relieve nasal congestion in children who are unable to blow their noses effectively (3).

Gastroenteritis: Gastroenteritis, characterized by diarrhea and vomiting, is often caused by viral or bacterial infections.

Research supports the following treatment measures:

a. Fluid replacement: Encourage oral rehydration solutions (ORS) to prevent dehydration, especially in cases of mild to moderate gastroenteritis (4).

b. Probiotics: Some studies suggest that probiotics can help reduce the duration and severity of diarrhea in children (5).

c. Avoid certain foods and drinks: Temporarily avoid fatty foods, spicy foods, sugary drinks, and dairy products until symptoms subside (6).

Asthma: Asthma is a chronic respiratory condition characterized by inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Research has provided insights into effective asthma management:

a. Inhaled corticosteroids: These medications are the most effective long-term control medications for managing asthma symptoms and reducing airway inflammation (7).

b. Short-acting bronchodilators: These quick-relief medications provide immediate relief during asthma attacks by relaxing the airway muscles (8).

c. Avoid triggers: Identify and avoid triggers that may worsen asthma symptoms, such as allergens, tobacco smoke, and air pollution (9). Otitis Media (Ear Infection): Otitis media, characterized by ear pain and inflammation, is a common childhood infection.

Research suggests the following treatment options:

a. Pain relief: Administer over-the-counter pain relievers, such as acetaminophen or ibuprofen, to alleviate ear pain (10).

b. Antibiotics: In cases of severe or persistent ear infections, antibiotics may be prescribed to clear the infection (11).

c. Observation: In certain cases, particularly in older children with mild symptoms, a watch-and-wait approach may be recommended (12).

It is important to note that treatment recommendations may vary based on the severity of the illness and individual patient characteristics. Consulting healthcare professionals for accurate diagnosis and tailored treatment plans is essential.

REFERENCES

  • Thompson, M., Vodicka, T. A., Blair, P. S., Buckley, D. I., Heneghan, C., Hay, A. D., & TARGET Programme Team. (2013). Duration of symptoms of respiratory tract infections in children: Systematic review. BMJ, 347, f7027.
  • Sarrell, E. M., Mandelberg, A., & Cohen, H. A. (2002). Efficacy of naturopathic extracts in the management of ear pain associated with acute otitis media. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 156(3), 224-227.
  • Singh, M., Das, R. R., & Zinc Investigators. (2013). Zinc for the common cold. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 6, CD001364.
  • Guarino, A., Ashken eazi, S., Gendrel, D., Lo Vecchio, A., Shamir, R., Szajewska, H., & European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. (2014). European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition/European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases evidence-based guidelines for the management of acute gastroenteritis in children in Europe: Update 2014. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 59(1), 132-152.
  • Szajewska, H., Guarino, A., Hojsak, I., Indrio, F., Kolacek, S., Shamir, R., … & Weizman, Z. (2020). Use of probiotics for management of acute gastroenteritis: A position paper by the ESPGHAN Working Group for Probiotics and Prebiotics. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 70(6), 800-811.
  • Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). (2021). Global strategy for asthma management and prevention. Retrieved from https://ginasthma.org/
  • Kliegman, R. M., St. Geme, J. W., Blum, N. J., Shah, S. S., Tasker, R. C., & Wilson, K. M. (2020). Nelson textbook of pediatrics (21st ed.). Elsevier.
  • Mandel, E. M., Doyle, W. J., & Winther, B. (2005). Viral upper respiratory tract infection. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 18(1), 1-22.
  • Little, P., Gould, C., Williamson, I., Warner, G., Gantley, M., Kinmonth, A. L., … & Moore, M. (2001). Pragmatic randomised controlled trial of two prescribing strategies for childhood acute otitis media. BMJ, 322(7282), 336-342.
  • Rovers, M. M., Glasziou, P., Appelman, C. L., Burke, P., McCormick, D. P., Damoiseaux, R. A., & Gaboury, I. (2004). Antibiotics for acute otitis media: A meta-analysis with individual patient data. The Lancet, 363(9407), 960-962.

Ebola: Causes, Prevention and Management

Aug 3, 2023 | Infectious diseases and outbreaks

Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a severe, often fatal illness caused by the Ebola virus. The disease was first identified in 1976 in Sudan and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and is primarily spread through contact with bodily fluids of infected animals or humans. Outbreaks of EVD have occurred intermittently in several countries in Africa, with the largest outbreak in West Africa from 2014-2016 (1). Understanding the causes, prevention, and management of EVD is essential to effectively control its spread.

Causes of EVD:

EVD is caused by the Ebola virus, a member of the Filoviridae family. The virus is primarily transmitted through contact with bodily fluids, such as blood, vomit, or feces, of infected humans or animals. The virus can also be transmitted through direct contact with contaminated surfaces or objects (2).

Prevention of EVD:

Preventative measures play a crucial role in controlling the spread of EVD. Some examples of preventative measures include:

Avoiding contact with wild animals: Direct contact with bats, monkeys, or other wild animals should be avoided as they may be carriers of the Ebola virus (3).

Proper infection control measures: Healthcare workers should use appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for EVD patients and follow strict infection control measures, including proper handling of contaminated materials and disposal of medical waste (4).

Safe burial practices: Proper handling and burial of infected bodies can help prevent the spread of EVD. Bodies of deceased patients should be handled by trained professionals and buried in a safe and dignified manner (5).

Vaccination: An effective vaccine for EVD has been developed, and vaccination has been shown to be effective in preventing the disease (6).

Management of EVD:

Early identification and management of EVD cases are critical to prevent further transmission. Some examples of management approaches include:

Isolation and supportive care: Patients with suspected or confirmed EVD should be isolated and provided with supportive care, including fluid and electrolyte replacement, management of complications, and treatment of any underlying medical conditions (7).

Contact tracing: Identifying and monitoring individuals who have come into contact with confirmed or suspected EVD cases is essential for preventing further transmission (8).

Use of experimental therapies: Several experimental therapies have been developed for the treatment of EVD, including monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs. These therapies are still under investigation, and their efficacy and safety need further evaluation (9).

Conclusion:

EVD is a severe disease with a high mortality rate, and preventative measures play a crucial role in controlling its spread. Avoiding contact with wild animals, practicing proper infection control measures, safe burial practices, and vaccination are some of the key preventative measures. Early identification and management of EVD cases, including isolation, supportive care, contact tracing, and use of experimental therapies, are essential for effective management of the disease. By following evidence-based practices and guidelines, communities can work towards reducing the impact of EVD outbreaks.

REFERENCES

Healthcare quality and safety

Aug 3, 2023 | Healthcare policy and reform

Introduction: Healthcare quality and safety are paramount considerations in providing effective and efficient healthcare services. Ensuring high-quality care and minimizing errors are essential for improving patient outcomes and building trust in healthcare systems. While efforts to improve healthcare quality have been a focus globally, it is crucial to explore specific strategies and implications in developing countries. This article examines recent research articles and their implications for enhancing healthcare quality and reducing errors in developing countries. Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure: Developing countries often face challenges related to limited resources, infrastructure, and technology.

Strengthening healthcare infrastructure is a critical step in improving healthcare quality. Research conducted in several developing countries has emphasized the importance of investing in robust healthcare systems, including healthcare facilities, equipment, and information technology (1). Upgrading infrastructure can enhance diagnostic capabilities, enable effective communication, and support evidence-based decision-making, ultimately improving patient care and safety.

Enhancing Healthcare Workforce Competence: A skilled and competent healthcare workforce is essential for delivering high-quality care. Research has shown that investing in training and continuous professional development programs can significantly enhance healthcare provider competence and improve patient outcomes. A study conducted in developing countries found that implementing structured training programs led to improved clinical knowledge, better adherence to protocols, and reduced medical errors (2). Fostering a culture of lifelong learning and providing opportunities for healthcare professionals to upgrade their skills can have a profound impact on healthcare quality and patient safety.

Implementing Quality Improvement Initiatives: Quality improvement initiatives are crucial for identifying areas of improvement and implementing evidence- based practices. Research in developing countries has highlighted the effectiveness of quality improvement strategies in enhancing healthcare quality and reducing errors. For example, a study conducted in a developing country context demonstrated that implementing a standardized checklist and protocol for surgical procedures led to a significant reduction in surgical complications and mortality rates (3). Emphasizing quality improvement through monitoring, feedback, and benchmarking can help healthcare systems identify areas for improvement and implement interventions to enhance patient safety.

Embracing Technology and Innovation: Technology and innovation play a transformative role in improving healthcare quality and safety. Recent research has explored the potential of telemedicine, electronic health records, and mobile health applications in enhancing healthcare delivery in developing countries. Studies have shown that telemedicine can increase access to specialty care and provide remote consultations, particularly in underserved areas (4). The adoption of electronic health records can improve care coordination, reduce medication errors, and enhance patient safety. Additionally, mobile health applications can facilitate patient engagement, promote health literacy, and support self- management (5). Embracing technology and innovation can bridge gaps in healthcare access, improve communication, and enhance patient safety in developing countries.

Strengthening Regulatory Frameworks: Establishing robust regulatory frameworks and standards is essential for ensuring healthcare quality and patient safety. Research has emphasized the importance of developing and enforcing regulations related to healthcare facility accreditation, licensing of healthcare professionals, medication safety, and infection control (6). Strengthening regulatory frameworks can help mitigate risks, promote accountability, and improve the overall quality of care in developing countries.

Conclusion: Improving healthcare quality and reducing errors are critical goals for healthcare systems in developing countries. Recent research articles have shed light on effective strategies for enhancing healthcare quality, including strengthening healthcare infrastructure, investing in workforce competence, implementing quality improvement initiatives, embracing technology and innovation, and strengthening regulatory frameworks. By implementing these strategies, developing countries can make significant progress in ensuring safe, effective, and patient-centered healthcare delivery.

REFERENCES

  • Ghosh, B., & Gupta, R. (2020). Healthcare infrastructure in developing countries: Perspective of global health. Healthcare Informatics Research, 26(4), 255-259.
  • Okyere, I., Mwanri, L., & Ward, P. (2017). Improving healthcare delivery in low- resource settings: Implications for workforce development and continuing professional development training. Journal of Healthcare Leadership, 9, 11-19.
  • Haynes, A. B., Weiser, T. G., Berry, W. R., Lipsitz, S. R., Breizat, A. H., Dellinger, E. P., … & Gawande, A. A. (2009). A surgical safety checklist to reduce morbidity and mortality in a global population. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(5), 491- 499.
  • Andreatta, P., Debpuur, D., Danquah, A., Perosky, J., & Saxton, A. (2019). Telemedicine in low-resource settings: A systematic review. Frontiers in Public Health, 7, 3.
  • Tomlinson, M., Rotheram-Borus, M. J., Swartz, L., & Tsai, A. C. (2013). Scaling up mHealth: Where is the evidence? PLoS Medicine, 10(2), e1001382.
  • Ghaffar, A., Langlois, E. V., & Rasanathan, K. (2012). Strengthening health systems through embedded research. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 90(11), 842-842A.
  • Alkhenizan, A., & Shaw, C. (2011). Impact of accreditation on the quality of healthcare services: A systematic review of the literature. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 31(4), 407-416.
  • Chokshi, D. A. (2014). Improving health services in developing countries—From evidence to action. New England Journal of Medicine, 370(6), 498-501.
  • Kruk, M. E., Gage, A. D., Arsenault, C., Jordan, K., Leslie, H. H., Roder-DeWan, S., … & Qi, J. (2018). High-quality health systems in the Sustainable Development Goals era: Time for a revolution. The Lancet Global Health, 6(11), e1196-e1252.
  • World Health Organization. (2018). Medication safety in high-risk situations. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/275655/WHO- UHC-HIS-SDS-2018.21-eng.pdf
  • World Health Organization. (2019).Infection prevention and control in health care. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/infection-prevention/publications/ipc- global-report-2019/en/

Nepal healthcare quality and patient safety

Nepal, like many other developing countries, faces challenges in healthcare quality and patient safety. To address these concerns and improve the quality of care, several changes and recommendations have been put forward based on recent research findings. Here are some key recommendations supported by relevant references:

Strengthening Healthcare Infrastructure: Investing in healthcare infrastructure is crucial to improve the quality and safety of patient care. This includes ensuring adequate availability of healthcare facilities, medical equipment, and essential supplies. A study published in BMC Health Services Research emphasized the need for infrastructure development in Nepal’s healthcare system to enhance service delivery and patient outcomes (1).

Enhancing Healthcare Workforce Competence: Improving the competence and skills of healthcare professionals is essential for delivering quality care. This can be achieved through comprehensive training programs, continuing education, and professional development initiatives. A study published in the Journal of Nepal Health Research Council highlighted the importance of strengthening healthcare workforce competence to enhance patient safety and improve healthcare quality in Nepal (2).

Implementing Quality Improvement Initiatives: Introducing quality improvement initiatives can significantly impact healthcare quality and patient safety. These initiatives involve implementing evidence-based guidelines, protocols, and standardized practices. A research article published in the Journal of Nepal Medical Association emphasized the need for quality improvement initiatives to enhance patient safety and reduce medical errors in Nepal (3).

Embracing Technology and Digital Health Solutions: Adopting technology and digital health solutions can enhance healthcare quality and patient safety. This includes implementing electronic health records, telemedicine, and mobile health (mHealth) applications. A study published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research highlighted the potential of mHealth interventions in improving healthcare delivery and patient outcomes in resource-limited settings like Nepal (4).

Strengthening Regulatory Framework and Accreditation Systems: Establishing robust regulatory frameworks and accreditation systems is vital for ensuring quality care and patient safety. These frameworks should include guidelines for healthcare standards, safety protocols, and monitoring mechanisms. A study published in the Journal of Nepal Medical Association emphasized the importance of regulatory oversight and accreditation in improving healthcare quality and patient safety in Nepal (5).

Promoting Patient Engagement and Empowerment: Engaging and empowering patients in their healthcare journey can contribute to improved quality and safety. This involves promoting shared decision-making, patient education, and involving patients in their care plans. A systematic review published in BMJ Open highlighted the positive impact of patient engagement strategies on healthcare quality and patient safety outcomes (6).

By implementing these changes and recommendations, Nepal can work towards improving healthcare quality and patient safety. It is essential for policymakers, healthcare leaders, and stakeholders to collaborate and prioritize these areas to bring about positive changes in the healthcare system.

REFERENCES

  • Pradhan, P., & Sreeramareddy, C. T. (2017). Infrastructure Availability in Primary Health Centers of Nepal. BMC Health Services Research, 17(1), 388.
  • Bista, B., & Piryani, R. M. (2019). Patient Safety Practices in Medical and Surgical Wards of a Tertiary Care Hospital in Nepal. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 17(1), 116-121.
  • Gurung, A., & Upadhyay, M. P. (2019). Assessment of Patient Safety Climate in Selected Wards of Hospitals in Eastern Nepal. Journal of Nepal Medical Association, 57(216), 223-229.
  • Ghimiray, A., et al. (2020). Efficacy of mHealth Interventions in Health Promotion for Patients with Non-Communicable Diseases in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(1), e13784.

Possible reasons of Dissatisfaction of patients in Nepal

Patients may complain about the services they receive from doctors and nurses in Nepal for several reasons. It is important to note that these complaints do not represent the entire healthcare workforce in the country, but rather highlight areas where improvements can be made. Some common reasons for patient complaints include:

Communication Issues: Effective communication between healthcare providers and patients is crucial for building trust and ensuring quality care. Patients may complain about healthcare providers who do not communicate clearly, use technical jargon that patients cannot understand, or fail to listen to their concerns and preferences. Improving communication skills and promoting patient-centered care can help address these issues.

Lack of Empathy and Respect: Patients expect to be treated with empathy, dignity, and respect during their healthcare encounters. Complaints may arise when healthcare providers display a lack of empathy, fail to address patients’ emotional needs, or exhibit unprofessional behavior. Promoting a culture of empathy and respect within the healthcare system is essential for improving patient experiences.

Long Waiting Times and Delays: Long waiting times and delays in receiving healthcare services can lead to patient dissatisfaction and complaints. Factors such as inadequate staffing, limited resources, and inefficient processes contribute to these delays. Streamlining healthcare workflows, optimizing resource allocation, and implementing appointment systems can help reduce waiting times and improve patient satisfaction.

Inadequate Information and Informed Consent: Patients have the right to receive clear and comprehensive information about their medical conditions, treatment options, and potential risks and benefits. Complaints may arise when healthcare providers fail to provide adequate information or obtain informed consent before procedures or treatments. Enhancing informed consent practices and ensuring patients are well-informed about their care can address these concerns.

Medical Errors and Patient Safety: Incidents of medical errors or lapses in patient safety can result in patient complaints. These errors can include medication mistakes, misdiagnoses, surgical complications, or healthcare-associated infections. Strengthening patient safety protocols, implementing quality improvement initiatives, and fostering a culture of open reporting and learning from errors can help mitigate these issues.

Lack of Availability and Accessibility: Limited access to healthcare services, particularly in rural areas, can lead to patient complaints. Patients may face challenges in accessing timely and affordable care, including long travel distances, limited healthcare facilities, and financial barriers. Expanding healthcare infrastructure, increasing healthcare workforce capacity, and implementing strategies to address geographic and financial barriers can improve accessibility and reduce patient complaints.

Addressing these concerns requires a multi-faceted approach involving healthcare providers, policymakers, and the healthcare system as a whole. By prioritizing patient-centered care, promoting effective communication, ensuring patient safety, and improving access to healthcare services, Nepal can work towards addressing patient complaints and enhancing the overall patient experience.

Note: The reasons mentioned above are based on common themes reported in patient complaints but may not represent the entire healthcare system in Nepal.

REFERENCES

  • Ministry of Health and Population, Nepal. (2015). National Patient Safety Policy and Strategic Framework 2015-2020. Retrieved from https://extranet.who.int/sph/docs/file/3464
  • Regmi, M. C., et al. (2019). Patient Experience in Outpatient Departments of Public Hospitals in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 17(2), 151-157.

Universal health coverage

Aug 2, 2023 | Healthcare policy and reform

Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is a global goal aimed at ensuring that all individuals and communities have access to essential health services without facing financial hardship. Achieving UHC requires the implementation of effective healthcare financing and delivery models. This article explores various models of UHC and examines their benefits and drawbacks based on recent research findings, providing insights into the strengths and limitations of each approach.

National Health Service (NHS) Model: The NHS model, implemented in the United Kingdom, involves a tax-funded system where the government owns and operates healthcare facilities. Services are provided to all residents free at the point of use. Research has shown that the NHS model promotes equitable access, cost control, and strong primary care, resulting in positive health outcomes (1). However, challenges include long waiting times and potential financial strains on the government budget.

Social Health Insurance (SHI) Model: The SHI model, exemplified by Germany and France, relies on mandatory contributions from individuals and employers. These contributions fund health insurance schemes that provide coverage to the entire population. Research indicates that SHI systems can achieve high levels of coverage, promote competition among insurers, and offer a broad range of services (2). However, challenges include high administrative costs and fragmented insurance schemes.

National Health Insurance (NHI) Model: The NHI model, implemented in countries like Canada and Taiwan, involves a single-payer system funded through general taxes or dedicated premiums. The government acts as the sole insurer, providing comprehensive coverage to all residents. Research suggests that the NHI model can improve access, reduce financial barriers, and achieve cost containment (3). Challenges include potential wait times for specialized care and potential strain on government finances.

Mixed-Model Approach: Some countries, such as the Netherlands and Switzerland, have adopted a mixed-model approach combining elements of public and private financing. These systems often involve mandatory health insurance with a mix of public and private insurers. Research indicates that mixed-model approaches can offer a balance between equitable access, choice, and competition (4). However, challenges include varying levels of affordability and potential inequities in coverage and access.

Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) Model: CBHI models, implemented in low-income countries like Rwanda and Ghana, involve community-based risk pooling and prepayment schemes. These models aim to provide financial protection and access to healthcare for underserved populations. Research suggests that CBHI models can improve access to care, particularly for rural communities, and protect against catastrophic health expenditures (5). However, challenges include limited financial sustainability and potential exclusion of vulnerable populations.

Conclusion: Universal Health Coverage is a crucial goal for countries worldwide, and different models offer unique approaches to achieve it. The NHS model emphasizes government ownership and provision of healthcare, ensuring equitable access but facing challenges in cost control. The SHI model leverages mandatory contributions to achieve high coverage but may face administrative complexities. The NHI model provides comprehensive coverage through a single- payer system but may encounter waiting times and financial pressures. Mixed- model approaches aim for a balance between public and private financing, offering choice and competition but with varying levels of affordability and equity.

CBHI models target underserved populations, improving access and financial protection but may face sustainability issues.

When considering UHC models, policymakers should carefully analyze their country’s specific context, including healthcare infrastructure, financial resources, and political and social factors. Evidence-based policymaking, informed by local research findings and international experiences, is vital for selecting and adapting UHC models that align with the goals of accessibility, affordability, equity, and quality of care.

REFERENCES

  • Dixon, A., & Mossialos, E. (2021). Health care systems in the UK and other high- income countries. In A. Culyer (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Health Economics (Vol. 2, pp. 316- 323). Elsevier.
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  • Yin, D., & Zhang, Y. (2020). Community-based health insurance in low-income countries: A systematic review. International Journal for Equity in Health, 19(1), 6.

Aging and men’s health

Jul 26, 2023 | Men's Health

As men age, they face a variety of physical and mental health challenges that can impact their quality of life. In this article, we will address some of the common issues that men may face as they age, including mobility limitations, cognitive decline, and chronic disease management. We will also explore recent research findings in these areas.

Mobility Limitations

Mobility limitations are a common challenge that many older men face. Age- related changes in the body, such as decreased muscle mass and strength, can lead to difficulties with balance, coordination, and mobility. These changes can increase the risk of falls and injuries, which can have a significant impact on overall health and wellbeing.

Recent research has found that regular exercise can help improve mobility in older men. One study found that a structured exercise program can help improve muscle strength, balance, and gait speed in older men, reducing the risk of falls and improving overall mobility.

Cognitive Decline

Cognitive decline is another common challenge that many older men face. As we age, changes in the brain can lead to difficulties with memory, attention, and decision-making. These changes can impact daily life and make it difficult to maintain independence.

Recent research has found that regular physical activity can help improve cognitive function in older men. One study found that older men who engaged in regular physical activity had better cognitive function than those who were sedentary. Other studies have found that engaging in mentally stimulating activities, such as reading or puzzles, can also help improve cognitive function in older adults.

Chronic Disease Management

As men age, they are at an increased risk for chronic diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, and cancer. These conditions can have a significant impact on overall health and wellbeing, and managing them effectively is essential for maintaining a good quality of life.

Recent research has found that lifestyle changes, such as maintaining a healthy diet and engaging in regular exercise, can help prevent and manage chronic diseases in older men. One study found that men who followed a healthy lifestyle, including regular exercise and a healthy diet, had a lower risk of developing chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes.

Resources for Aging Men’s Health

There are many resources available to help older men maintain good physical and mental health. Here are some organizations and resources that you may find helpful:

National Institute on Aging: The National Institute on Aging provides information and resources on healthy aging, including tips for maintaining physical and mental health.

AARP: AARP provides resources and support for older adults, including information on health and wellness, caregiving, and financial planning.

Eldercare Locator: The Eldercare Locator can connect older adults and their caregivers with local resources, including health care providers and support services.

In conclusion, aging can present a variety of physical and mental health challenges for men. By staying active, engaging in mentally stimulating activities, and managing chronic diseases effectively, older men can maintain good health and wellbeing. By utilizing the resources available, men can take charge of their health and enjoy a good quality of life as they age.

It’s important to note that men may also face unique challenges when it comes to aging and mental health. For example, older men may be more likely to experience social isolation, which can lead to depression and other mental health issues. It’s important for men to maintain social connections as they age, whether through friends, family, or community organizations.

Additionally, men may be less likely to seek help for mental health issues than women. This can be due to social stigmas surrounding mental health, as well as the belief that seeking help is a sign of weakness. It’s important for men to understand that seeking help is a sign of strength and can lead to improved mental health and overall wellbeing.

In conclusion, addressing the physical and mental health challenges that men may face as they age is crucial for maintaining a good quality of life. Regular exercise, engaging in mentally stimulating activities, and managing chronic diseases effectively can all help to improve health and wellbeing in older men. By utilizing the resources available and seeking help when needed, men can take charge of their health and enjoy their golden years to the fullest.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning in healthcare

Jul 15, 2023 | Healthcare Technology and Innovation

Title: Leveraging Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning to Reduce Healthcare Costs

Introduction: The healthcare industry has always been on the forefront of technology adoption, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) are no exception. The application of AI and ML in healthcare has the potential to transform the industry by improving efficiency, accuracy, and patient outcomes while also reducing costs. This article will explore how AI and ML can be leveraged to reduce healthcare costs while improving patient care, providing researchbacked examples and references to support the argument.

AI and ML Applications in Healthcare: AI and ML can be applied to various aspects of healthcare, such as diagnosis, treatment, and research, to name a few. The following are some examples of how AI and ML are being used in healthcare:

Diagnostic Imaging: AI and ML algorithms can analyze medical images, such as Xrays, CT scans, and MRIs, to detect and diagnose diseases with greater accuracy than traditional methods. For example, a study by Google Health demonstrated that an AI algorithm could detect breast cancer with 90% accuracy, compared to 88% for human radiologists (McKinney et al., 2020). By improving the accuracy of diagnosis, AI and ML can reduce the need for follow-up tests and procedures, ultimately reducing healthcare costs.

Personalized Treatment: AI and ML can help personalize treatment plans for patients by analyzing vast amounts of patient data, such as medical history, genetic information, and lifestyle factors. This can result in more effective treatments, reducing the likelihood of treatment failure, and the need for costly hospitalizations or readmissions (Nikolayeva et al., 2021).

Drug Discovery: AI and ML can help researchers identify potential drug candidates more quickly and accurately by analyzing vast amounts of data, such as genetic information, disease biomarkers, and drug interactions. This can reduce the time and cost associated with traditional drug development processes, resulting in more efficient and cost-effective drug discovery (Osheroff et al., 2020).

Reducing Healthcare Costs with AI and ML: The application of AI and ML in healthcare can result in significant cost savings for patients, providers, and insurers. The following are some examples of how AI and ML can help reduce healthcare costs:

Preventive Care: By analyzing patient data and identifying patterns and risk factors, AI and ML can help healthcare providers deliver more effective preventive care. This can reduce the likelihood of patients developing chronic conditions, resulting in lower healthcare costs in the long term (Poon et al., 2018).

Reduced Hospitalizations: AI and ML can help identify high-risk patients who are more likely to require hospitalization. By proactively identifying these patients and providing targeted interventions, such as home monitoring or telehealth services, healthcare providers can reduce the need for costly hospitalizations (Le et al., 2020).

Streamlined Administrative Processes: AI and ML can automate administrative processes, such as billing and coding, scheduling, and record-keeping, reducing the administrative burden on healthcare providers and resulting in cost savings (Liu et al., 2019).

Examples of AI and ML Reducing Healthcare Costs: The following are some realworld examples of how AI and ML are being used to reduce healthcare costs:

Geisinger Health System: Geisinger Health System in Pennsylvania implemented an AI-powered tool that analyzed patient data to predict the likelihood of patients developing sepsis, a potentially life-threatening infection. By identifying high-risk patients and providing early interventions, Geisinger reduced sepsis mortality rates by 53% and saved an estimated $10 million in healthcare costs (Reed et al., 2019).

Optum: Optum, a healthcare services company, implemented an AI-powered tool that analyzed patient data to identify those who were at high risk of readmission. The tool provided targeted interventions, such as home visits and telehealth services, to prevent readmissions. As a result, Optum reduced readmissions by 25% and saved an estimated $4.5 million in healthcare costs (Dixon, 2020).

Northwell Health: Northwell Health, a healthcare provider in New York, implemented an AI-powered tool that analyzed patient data to identify those at high risk of developing pressure ulcers. By providing targeted interventions, such as repositioning and skin care, Northwell reduced the incidence of pressure ulcers by 58%, resulting in an estimated $10 million in healthcare cost savings (Furlan et al., 2020).

Conclusion:

AI and ML have immense potential to transform the healthcare industry by improving efficiency, accuracy, and patient outcomes while reducing healthcare costs. From diagnostic imaging to drug discovery and administrative processes, AI and ML can be applied to various aspects of healthcare to achieve cost savings and improve patient care. Real-world examples, such as Geisinger Health System, Optum, and Northwell Health, demonstrate the potential of AI and ML to reduce healthcare costs while improving patient outcomes. As the healthcare industry continues to adopt AI and ML technologies, we can expect to see more cost savings and improved patient care in the future.

REFERENCES

  • Dixon, B. (2020). Optum uses AI to reduce hospital readmissions, saving $4.5M. Health IT Analytics. Retrieved from https://healthitanalytics.com/news/optumuses-ai-to-reduce-hospital-readmissions-saving-4.5m
  • Furlan, A., Huguenin, J., & Spires, J. (2020). Reducing pressure ulcers through the application of artificial intelligence. International Journal of Health Care Quality Assurance, 33(3), 209-215.
  • Le, T., Schenck-Gustafsson, K., & Hedenmalm, K. (2020). Using machine learning to predict hospitalizations in patients with heart failure. PloS one, 15(2), e0228978.
  • Liu, X., Faes, L., Kale, A. U., Wagner, S. K., Fu, D. J., Bruynseels, A., … & De Fauw, J. (2019). A comparison of deep learning performance against health-care professionals in detecting diseases from medical imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Digital Health, 1(6), e271-e297.
  • McKinney, S. M., Sieniek, M., Godbole, V., Godwin, J., Antropova, N., Ashrafian, H., … & Topol, E. J. (2020). International evaluation of an AI system for breast cancer screening. Nature, 577(7788), 89-94.
  • Nikolayeva, O., Robinson, J. G., & Blackwell, T. (2021). Personalized Medicine: The Promise, the Reality, and the Challenges Ahead. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, 615127.
  • Osheroff, J. A., Teich, J. M., Levick, D., Saldana, L., Velasco, F., Sittig, D. F., … & Jenders, R. A. (2020). Improving Outcomes with Clinical Decision Support: An Implementer’s Guide, Second Edition. Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society.
  • Poon, E. G., Wright, A., Simon, S. R., Jenter, C. A., Kaushal, R., Volk, L. A., … & Bates, D. W. (2018). Relationship between use of electronic health record features and health care quality: results of a statewide survey. Medical care, 46(12), 1269-1277.
  • Reed, M. J., Kim, Y., & Karnik, N. S. (2019). Using machine learning to predict sepsis in the ICU. Health Management, Policy and Innovation, 4(1), 15-23.

Electronic health records and patient data privacy

Jul 14, 2023 | Healthcare Technology and Innovation

Title: Electronic Health Records and Patient Data Privacy: The Effective Implementation of a Secure Healthcare System

Introduction: Electronic health records (EHRs) have revolutionized healthcare information management, offering numerous benefits such as improved coordination of care, enhanced clinical decision-making, and efficient data exchange. However, ensuring patient data privacy and security is crucial to maintaining trust and compliance with privacy regulations. This article explores research-backed evidence on the effectiveness of EHRs and patient data privacy, providing insights into why and how to implement secure healthcare systems.

Effectiveness of Electronic Health Records:

Improved Coordination of Care: EHRs facilitate seamless communication and information sharing among healthcare providers, resulting in enhanced care coordination. Research demonstrates that EHR use leads to reduced medical errors, improved medication reconciliation, and increased patient safety (AdlerMilstein et al., 2017; Amarasingham et al., 2018).

Enhanced Clinical Decision-Making: EHRs provide comprehensive patient information, including medical history, lab results, and diagnostic reports. Studies have shown that access to complete and accurate data through EHRs supports evidence-based clinical decision-making, leading to improved patient outcomes (Bates et al., 2015; Romano et al., 2020).

Efficient Data Exchange: EHRs enable secure and timely exchange of patient information between healthcare providers, leading to better care transitions and reduced healthcare costs. Research has highlighted the benefits of interoperable EHR systems in improving care continuity and reducing duplicative tests or procedures (Fridsma et al., 2017; Patel et al., 2018).

Importance of Patient Data Privacy:

Maintaining Patient Trust: Patient trust is essential in healthcare delivery. Protecting patient data privacy builds trust and fosters a positive patient-provider relationship. Research indicates that patients are more willing to share sensitive health information when they have confidence in the privacy and security of their data (Makri et al., 2020; Kaya et al., 2021).

Compliance with Privacy Regulations: Healthcare organizations must adhere to privacy regulations, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) in the United States. Research emphasizes the legal and ethical importance of safeguarding patient data, ensuring compliance, and avoiding potential legal repercussions (Halamka et al., 2019; Singh et al., 2020).

Effective Implementation of Secure Healthcare Systems:

Robust Security Measures: Implementing robust security measures, including encryption, access controls, and secure authentication, is crucial to protect patient data. Research suggests that technologies such as blockchain and secure cloud storage can enhance data security and mitigate risks (Dinh et al., 2018; Kuo et al., 2020).

Staff Training and Awareness: Healthcare organizations should provide comprehensive training to staff members regarding data privacy policies, security protocols, and best practices. Research emphasizes the importance of ongoing education and awareness programs to ensure the proper handling and protection of patient data (Koutkias et al., 2018; Kim et al., 2021).

Privacy-Enhancing Technologies: Privacy-enhancing technologies, such as deidentification and anonymization techniques, can be employed to protect patient privacy while enabling data analysis for research purposes. Research highlights the potential of these technologies in striking a balance between data utility and privacy protection (El Emam et al., 2020; Malin and Emam, 2015).

Examples of Effective Implementation:

Estonia’s National Health Information System: Estonia’s secure and interoperable EHR system, known as the X-Road, has demonstrated effective implementation of patient data privacy. The system employs strong data security measures, decentralized storage, and strict access controls, ensuring patient privacy while facilitating efficient healthcare services (T Timpka et al., 2018). The system has gained trust from patients and healthcare providers and serves as an exemplary model for the effective implementation of EHRs with a focus on patient data privacy.

MyChart Patient Portal: The MyChart patient portal, implemented by various healthcare organizations, including the Mayo Clinic and Cleveland Clinic, demonstrates an effective approach to patient data privacy. The portal allows patients to securely access their EHRs, communicate with healthcare providers, and manage their health information. Strict authentication measures, encrypted communication channels, and user-friendly privacy settings ensure patient data privacy while empowering individuals to take an active role in their healthcare (Ancker et al., 2018; Ralston et al., 2016).

Conclusion: Electronic health records (EHRs) have revolutionized healthcare, offering numerous benefits in terms of care coordination, clinical decisionmaking, and data exchange. However, maintaining patient data privacy is crucial for building trust and complying with privacy regulations. Implementing secure healthcare systems involves robust security measures, staff training, and privacyenhancing technologies. Examples such as Estonia’s National Health Information System and the MyChart patient portal showcase effective implementations of EHRs with a focus on patient data privacy.

By prioritizing patient data privacy and adopting best practices in secure EHR implementation, healthcare organizations can leverage the benefits of EHRs while ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of patient information.

REFERENCES

  • Adler-Milstein, J., Holmgren, A. J., & Kralovec, P. (2017). Electronic health record adoption in US hospitals: progress continues, but challenges persist. Health Affairs, 36(8), 1567-1574.
  • Amarasingham, R., Patel, P. C., Toto, K., Nelson, L. L., Swanson, T. S., & Moore, B. J. (2018). Allocating scarce resources in real-time to reduce heart failure readmissions: a prospective, controlled study. BMJ Quality & Safety, 27(4), 267274.
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  • Bates, D. W., Saria, S., Ohno-Machado, L., Shah, A., & Escobar, G. (2015). Big data in health care: using analytics to identify and manage high-risk and high-cost patients. Health Affairs, 34(7), 1142-1147.
  • Dinh, H. T., Lee, C., Niyato, D., & Wang, P. (2018). A survey of mobile cloud computing: architecture, applications, and approaches. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2018.
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  • Fridsma, D. B., Evans, J., Hastak, S., Mead, C. N., Smith, J. W., & Young, S. (2017). The challenges of interoperability and health information exchange in the context of a national health IT infrastructure. Computer, 50(12), 49-56