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Strategies for reducing the risk of infectious diseases

Jan 13, 2024 | Disease Prevention and Management

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sanjogta Thapa Magar

Reviewed by Sanjogta Thapa Magar, Food Microbiologist

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites, and can spread from one person to another through different modes of transmission. Some infectious diseases can be prevented by taking certain precautions. Here are some strategies that can help reduce the risk of infectious diseases:

1. Handwashing: Regular and proper handwashing is one of the most effective ways to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. Hands should be washed thoroughly with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, especially after using the toilet, before eating, and after being in public places.

2. Safe food handling: Foodborne illnesses can be caused by eating contaminated food. Therefore, it is important to handle and cook food safely to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. This includes washing hands before handling food, cooking food thoroughly, storing food properly, and avoiding cross-contamination between raw and cooked foods.

3. Vaccination: Vaccines can help prevent many infectious diseases. Immunization programs have helped reduce the incidence of diseases such as measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and hepatitis B.

4. Safe sex: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) can be prevented by practicing safe sex, which includes using condoms, getting tested for STIs, and limiting the number of sexual partners.

5. Covering the mouth and nose: When coughing or sneezing, it is important to cover the mouth and nose with a tissue or the inside of the elbow to prevent the spread of respiratory infections.

6. Avoiding close contact: Some infectious diseases can be spread through close contact with infected people. Therefore, it is important to avoid close contact with people who are sick and to stay home when feeling ill to avoid spreading the disease to others.

7. By following these strategies, individuals can reduce their risk of contracting and spreading infectious diseases.

Food allergies and intolerances: Causes, symptoms, and management

Jan 12, 2024 | Nutrition and chronic disease prevention

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Sanjogta Thapa Magar

Reviewed by Sanjogta Thapa Magar, Food Microbiologist

Food allergies and intolerances are becoming increasingly common, affecting millions of people worldwide. While they may seem similar, there are important differences between the two conditions. A food allergy is a reaction by the immune system to a specific food, while a food intolerance is a reaction to a food that does not involve the immune system. Both conditions can cause uncomfortable symptoms and can be difficult to manage. In this article, we will explore the causes, symptoms, and management of food allergies and intolerances.

Causes of Food Allergies and Intolerances

Food allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to a specific protein in food, treating it as a harmful invader. This triggers an immune response, which can cause a range of symptoms, from mild to severe. The exact cause of food allergies is not fully understood, but it is believed to be a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Common food allergens include milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, fish, shellfish, soy, and wheat. These foods are responsible for the majority of food allergies. It is important to note that even small amounts of these foods can trigger an allergic reaction in some people.

Food intolerances, on the other hand, are caused by a digestive system that is unable to properly digest certain foods. This can be due to a lack of a specific enzyme or sensitivity to a food additive. Unlike food allergies, food intolerances do not involve the immune system and are not life-threatening. However, they can still cause uncomfortable symptoms, such as bloating, gas, and diarrhea.

Symptoms of Food Allergies and Intolerances

The symptoms of food allergies and intolerances can vary widely depending on the individual and the severity of the reaction. In some cases, symptoms may appear within minutes of eating the offending food, while in others, they may take several hours or even days to appear.

Symptoms of food allergies can include:

Hives or rash

Itching or swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat

Shortness of breath or wheezing

Abdominal pain or cramping

Nausea or vomiting

Diarrhea

Anaphylaxis, a severe and potentially life-threatening reaction that can cause difficulty breathing, loss of consciousness, and a drop in blood pressure.

Symptoms of food intolerances can include:

Bloating

Gas

Abdominal pain or cramping

Diarrhea or constipation

Nausea

Management of Food Allergies and Intolerances

The management of food allergies and intolerances involves avoiding the offending food or ingredient. For people with food allergies, this means avoiding the allergen completely, which can be challenging as many foods contain hidden allergens. It is important to read food labels carefully and to ask questions when eating out.

In addition to avoiding the allergen, people with food allergies may carry an epinephrine auto-injector, which can be used in case of a severe allergic reaction. It is also important for family members and caregivers to know how to use the auto-injector in case of an emergency.

For people with food intolerances, avoiding the offending food can be a bit more complex. In some cases, it may be necessary to eliminate the food completely from the diet, while in others, it may be possible to consume small amounts without triggering symptoms. It is important to work with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian to develop a plan for managing food intolerances.

There are also several strategies that can help reduce the risk of allergic reactions. These include:

Reading food labels carefully and avoiding foods that contain the allergen

Informing family members, friends, and caregivers about the allergy

Carrying an epinephrine auto injector at all times, and knowing how to use it

Avoiding cross-contamination by thoroughly cleaning surfaces and utensils that have come into contact with allergenic foods Asking questions about ingredients and preparation methods when eating out Being prepared for emergencies by carrying a medical alert bracelet or necklace that identifies the allergy Taking steps to manage stress, as stress can exacerbate symptoms in some people with food allergies and intolerances

In addition to these strategies, there are also several treatment options available for people with food allergies. One of the most promising treatments is oral immunotherapy (OIT), which involves gradually introducing small amounts of the allergen under medical supervision. This can help desensitize the immune system and reduce the severity of allergic reactions over time. OIT is currently available for peanut, egg, and milk allergies, and is being studied for other food allergens as well.

Another promising treatment for food allergies is the use of biologic drugs, which target specific parts of the immune system involved in allergic reactions. For example, omalizumab is a drug that can reduce the severity of allergic reactions in people with asthma and certain food allergies. Dupilumab is another biologic drug that has shown promise for the treatment of peanut allergies.

There are also several complementary and alternative therapies that may be helpful for managing food allergies and intolerances, although more research is needed to determine their effectiveness. These include:

Probiotics, which may help regulate the immune system and reduce inflammation Omega-3 fatty acids, which have anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce the risk of allergies Acupuncture, which may help reduce symptoms of food intolerances Herbal supplements, such as butterbur and stinging nettle, which may have anti-inflammatory properties

While these therapies may be helpful for some people, it is important to discuss them with a healthcare provider before trying them, as they can have side effects and may interact with other medications.

Conclusion

Food allergies and intolerances are common conditions that can cause a range of uncomfortable symptoms, from mild to severe. While they may seem similar, there are important differences between the two conditions. Food allergies involve the immune system and can be life-threatening, while food intolerances do not involve the immune system and are not life-threatening. The management of food allergies and intolerances involves avoiding the offending food or ingredient, and in some cases, may involve oral immunotherapy or biologic drugs. It is important to work with a healthcare provider or registered dietitian to develop a plan for managing food allergies and intolerances, and to be prepared for emergencies by carrying an epinephrine auto-injector and medical alert jewelry. With proper management, most people with food allergies and intolerances can lead healthy, happy lives.

REFERENCES

The effects of intermittent fasting on weight loss and body composition

Jan 2, 2024 | Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating

Intermittent fasting has become a popular dietary approach for weight loss and body composition improvement. This method involves alternating periods of calorie restriction with periods of normal eating. In this article, we will explore the effects of intermittent fasting on weight loss and body composition and discuss recent research findings on this topic.

Weight Loss

Intermittent fasting has been shown to promote weight loss by reducing calorie intake and increasing fat burning. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that intermittent fasting resulted in significant weight loss compared to continuous calorie restriction diets (1). Another study reported that participants who followed an intermittent fasting diet lost more weight and fat mass than those who followed a continuous calorie restriction diet (2).

Body Composition

Intermittent fasting has also been found to have positive effects on body composition by reducing body fat while preserving lean muscle mass. A study in overweight and obese adults found that intermittent fasting resulted in a significant reduction in body fat and an increase in lean muscle mass compared to a continuous calorie restriction diet (3). Another study reported that intermittent fasting improved body composition by reducing body fat and increasing muscle mass in resistance-trained men (4).

Other Health Benefits

In addition to weight loss and body composition improvements, intermittent fasting has been associated with other health benefits, including improved blood sugar control, reduced inflammation, and improved cardiovascular health (5). However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the optimal timing and duration of intermittent fasting for these health benefits.

Popular Intermittent Fasting Methods

There are several popular intermittent fasting methods, including the 16/8 method, the 5:2 method, and alternate day fasting. The 16/8 method involves restricting calorie intake to an 8-hour window each day, while allowing normal eating during the remaining 16 hours. The 5:2 method involves consuming normal calories for five days a week and restricting calorie intake to 500-600 calories on two non-consecutive days. Alternate day fasting involves alternating days of unrestricted eating with days of complete or partial calorie restriction.

Drawbacks

Intermittent fasting may not be suitable for everyone, and some people may experience negative effects such as hunger, fatigue, and irritability. Additionally, people with certain medical conditions, such as diabetes, may need to be cautious when practicing intermittent fasting (6). It is important to consult a healthcare provider before starting any new diet or lifestyle changes.

Conclusion

Intermittent fasting has been shown to be an effective approach for weight loss and body composition improvements. The 16/8 method, 5:2 method, and alternate day fasting are popular approaches to intermittent fasting. However, it is important to consider individual needs and consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new dietary approach.

REFERENCES

  • Ganesan K, Habboush Y, Sultan S. Intermittent Fasting: The Choice for a Healthier Lifestyle. Cureus. 2018;10(7):e2947.
  • Moro T, Tinsley G, Bianco A, et al. Effects of eight weeks of time-restricted feeding (16/8) on basal metabolism, maximal strength, body composition, inflammation, and cardiovascular risk factors in resistance-trained males. J Transl Med. 2016;14(1):290.
  • Tinsley GM, Forsse JS, Butler NK, et al. Time-restricted feeding in young men performing resistance training: A randomized controlled trial. Eur J Sport Sci. 2017;17(2):200-207.
  • Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, et al. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 2013;12:146.

Vaccinations

Dec 30, 2023 | Disease Prevention and Management

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Dr. Ram Prasad Neupane , DM MDGP,  Professor at Tribhuvan University, Maharajgunj Medical Campus

Vaccination are critical tools for preventing and managing various diseases. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened or inactive form of a virus or bacteria into the body, which triggers an immune response. This immune response allows the body to recognize and fight the virus or bacteria in the future, which can prevent illness or reduce its severity.

In Nepal, vaccination efforts have been crucial in preventing the spread of communicable diseases. The government of Nepal, along with various international organizations, has implemented several vaccination programs to protect the population from diseases such as measles, rubella, polio, and hepatitis B. These programs have been particularly successful in reducing the incidence of communicable diseases among children.

For example, the measles vaccine has been a significant contributor to the reduction in measles cases in Nepal. In 2018, Nepal launched a nationwide measles-rubella vaccination campaign, aiming to reach over 12 million children aged 9 months to 15 years. The campaign targeted hard-to-reach areas and populations with low coverage, resulting in a significant increase in measles vaccination coverage. As a result of these efforts, the number of measles cases in Nepal decreased from over 2,400 in 2016 to just 118 in 2019.

In addition to preventing the spread of diseases, vaccination also play a crucial role in managing chronic illnesses. For example, individuals with chronic illnesses such as diabetes, heart disease, and asthma are at increased risk of developing complications from infectious diseases. By getting vaccinated, individuals with chronic illnesses can reduce their risk of developing serious complications or hospitalization from vaccine-preventable diseases.

Overall, vaccination are critical components of disease prevention and management efforts. These programs not only protect individuals from infectious diseases but also contribute to the overall health of the population. It is important to continue to prioritize and invest in vaccination and immunization programs to ensure that everyone has access to these lifesaving interventions.
Here is a list of vaccines that are typically given to a child since birth:

1. Hepatitis B: Given within the first 12 hours of birth

2. DTaP (diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis): Given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
3. Hib (haemophilus influenzae type b): Given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
4. IPV (polio): Given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
5. PCV13 (pneumococcal conjugate vaccine): Given at 2, 4, and 6 months of age
6. Rotavirus: Given at 2 and 4 months of age
7. Hepatitis A: Given at 12 months of age
8. MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella): Given at 12 months of age
9. Varicella (chickenpox): Given at 12 months of age
10. DTaP booster: Given at 15-18 months of age
11. Hib booster: Given at 12-15 months of age
12. IPV booster: Given at 4-6 years of age
13. MMRV (measles, mumps, rubella, and varicella): Given at 4-6 years of age
14. DTaP booster: Given at 11-12 years of age

HPV (human papillomavirus): Given at 11-12 years of age (can be given as early as 9 years old)
Here are some other commonly used vaccines for adults and children:
1. HPV vaccine: protects against the human papillomavirus, which can cause several types of cancer.
2. Meningococcal vaccine: protects against meningococcal disease, a serious bacterial infection that can cause meningitis and blood infections.
3. Pneumococcal vaccine: protects against pneumococcal disease, which can cause pneumonia, meningitis, and blood infections.
4. Hepatitis A vaccine: protects against hepatitis A, a viral infection that can cause liver inflammation.
5. Hepatitis B vaccine: protects against hepatitis B, a viral infection that can cause liver inflammation and potentially lead to long-term liver problems.
6. Varicella (chickenpox) vaccine: protects against chickenpox, a highly contagious viral infection that causes a blister-like rash, itching, and fever.
7. Rotavirus vaccine: protects against rotavirus, a common cause of severe diarrhea and dehydration in infants and young children.

Vaccine myths:
There are many myths and misconceptions about vaccines that can cause confusion and lead to vaccine hesitancy. Some common vaccine myths include:

Vaccines cause autism: This myth has been thoroughly debunked by multiple studies, yet it still persists in some communities.
Vaccines are not necessary because the diseases they prevent are rare: While it is true that some vaccine-preventable diseases are now less common in certain parts of the world, this is largely due to the widespread use of vaccines. If vaccination rates were to drop, these diseases could quickly make a comeback.
Vaccines can cause serious side effects: While all vaccines can cause some side effects, serious reactions are extremely rare. The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks.
Natural immunity is better than vaccine-induced immunity: While natural immunity can be effective, it comes at a cost. Many vaccine-preventable diseases can cause serious complications, including death. Vaccines provide a safe and effective way to build immunity without the risk of serious illness or death.
Vaccines contain harmful ingredients: Some people are concerned about the ingredients in vaccines, such as thimerosal (a preservative) or aluminum. However, these ingredients are used in such small amounts that they are not harmful.

Supporting loved ones with mental health challenges

Dec 11, 2023 | Mental health and well being

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Dr. Kamal Gautam

Reviewed by Dr. Kamal Gautam, MBBS(KU), MD Psych (IOM), Currently working at Transcultural Psychological Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal)

Supporting loved ones with mental health challenges is an important aspect of mental health and well-being. Recent research has shown that social support can have a significant impact on the mental health of individuals with mental illnesses. A study published in the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology found that providing social support to individuals with mental illnesses can lead to a reduction in symptoms and an overall improvement in their quality of life (Suetani et al., 2021).

Some ways to support loved ones with mental health challenges include:

A. Educate yourself about their condition: Learning about the symptoms and treatment options for your loved one’s mental illness can help you understand their experience and provide more effective support.

B. Be a good listener: Sometimes all your loved one may need is someone to listen to them without judgment or criticism. Try to offer an open ear and show empathy.

C. Encourage treatment: Encouraging your loved one to seek professional treatment can be a difficult conversation, but it is important to express your concern for their well-being and offer support in finding appropriate resources.

D. Offer practical help: Tasks that may seem simple, such as preparing meals or running errands, can be challenging for individuals with mental health issues. Offering practical assistance can be a great way to show support.

E. Avoid stigma and judgment: Mental health stigma and judgment can prevent individuals from seeking treatment and support. Be mindful of your language and avoid using derogatory terms or perpetuating negative stereotypes.

Supporting loved ones with mental health challenges can be a challenging and emotional journey. It is important to remember that you do not have to go through it alone. Seeking out support from a mental health professional, support group, or trusted friend or family member can also be helpful.

REFERENCES

  • Suetani, S., Kisely, S., & Siskind, D. J. (2021). The effectiveness of social support interventions for people with severe mental illness: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 89(4), 303-317. doi: 10.1037/ccp0000651

Health disparities in rural communities

Dec 5, 2023 | Health disparities and equity

Health disparities in rural communities continue to be a significant public health challenge. These disparities are characterized by differences in health outcomes, access to healthcare services, and health-related behaviors between rural and urban populations. Recent research has shed light on the factors contributing to these disparities and highlighted potential strategies to promote health equity in rural areas. This article aims to summarize key findings from recent studies on health disparities in rural communities and explore potential interventions to address these challenges.

Limited Access to Healthcare Services: Access to healthcare services is a critical factor affecting health outcomes in rural communities. Research has consistently shown that rural areas face challenges such as shortages of healthcare providers, limited healthcare facilities, and long travel distances to access care (Ricketts et al., 2020). These barriers contribute to delays in seeking care, inadequate preventive services, and poorer health outcomes in rural populations. Efforts to improve healthcare access in rural areas include telehealth services, mobile clinics, and recruitment and retention strategies for healthcare providers (Henning-Smith et al., 2020; Rosenblatt et al., 2021).

Social Determinants of Health: Social determinants of health play a crucial role in shaping health disparities in rural communities. Factors such as poverty, limited educational opportunities, unemployment, and inadequate housing contribute to poorer health outcomes (Hartley et al., 2019). Recent research has highlighted the need for comprehensive approaches that address the underlying social determinants to reduce health disparities in rural areas. Examples include community development initiatives, economic empowerment programs, and educational interventions (Gale et al., 2020; Bennett et al., 2021).

Behavioral Health and Substance Abuse:

Rural communities face unique challenges related to behavioral health and substance abuse. Research indicates higher rates of mental health disorders, substance use disorders, and suicide in rural populations compared to urban areas (Hansen et al., 2020). Limited access to mental health services and stigma surrounding mental health contribute to these disparities. Recent studies have emphasized the importance of integrated care models, telepsychiatry, and community-based interventions to address behavioral health needs in rural communities (Wheeler et al., 2021; Molfenter et al., 2022).

Health Disparities Among Specific Populations:

Certain population subgroups within rural communities experience greater health disparities. For instance, research has identified disparities among racial and ethnic minorities, older adults, children, and individuals with disabilities in rural areas (Arcury et al., 2017; O’Connor et al., 2020). Culturally appropriate interventions, targeted outreach programs, and policy changes that address the specific needs of these populations are vital to reducing health disparities in rural communities.

Technology and Innovation:

Advancements in technology and innovation offer promising opportunities to address health disparities in rural areas. Telehealth services, mobile health applications, and remote patient monitoring have the potential to improve access to healthcare, enhance disease management, and empower individuals in rural communities (Thomas et al., 2021). However, efforts are needed to ensure equitable access to these technologies and overcome infrastructure challenges in rural areas.

Conclusion:

Recent research highlights the complex nature of health disparities in rural communities and the need for multifaceted strategies to address them. Enhancing healthcare access, addressing social determinants of health, prioritizing behavioral health services, targeting specific population subgroups, and leveraging technology are all important components of a comprehensive approach. By implementing evidence-based interventions and fostering collaborations between healthcare providers, policymakers, and community stakeholders, we can work towards achieving health equity and improving the well-being of rural populations.

REFERENCES

  • Arcury, T. A., Preisser, J. S., Gesler, W. M., & Powers, J. M. (2017). Access to transportation and health care utilization in a rural region. The Journal of Rural Health, 33(4), 383-391.
  • Bennett, K. J., Probst, J. C., & Pumkam, C. (2021). Social determinants of health: Rural-urban differences in social determinants across states. Journal of Rural Health, 37(2), 140-152.
  • Gale, J. A., Coburn, A. F., Croll, Z. T., & Brawer, R. L. (2020). Social determinants of health in rural communities: A review of health behaviors and behavioral determinants. Health Services Research, 55(Suppl 2), 831-843.
  • Hansen, A. Y., Umstattd Meyer, M. R., Lenardson, J. D., & Hartley, D. (2020). Built environments and active living in rural and remote areas: A review of the literature. Current Obesity Reports, 9(4), 367-380.
  • Henning-Smith, C., Kozhimannil, K. B., & Syverson, C. (2020). Rural disparities in preventive care provision to publicly insured Minnesotans. Journal of Rural Health, 36(2), 176-186.
  • Hartley, D., Quam, L., & Lurie, N. (2019). Urban and rural differences in health insurance and access to care among US adults. Journal of Rural Health, 35(4), 457457.
  • Molfenter, T., Brown, R., O’Neill, A., Kopetsky, E., Toy, A., & Cornett, A. (2022). Telehealth implementation in substance use disorder treatment: Perspectives from the field. Telemedicine and e-Health, 28(1), 48-54.
  • O’Connor, A., Wellenius, G., Gilmore, J., & Hamdan, M. (2020). Rural-urban disparities in heat-related mortality: Results from a study of New England Medicare enrollees. American Journal of Public Health, 110(6), 889-895. Ricketts, T. C., Johnson-Webb, K. D., Randolph, R. K., Taylor, P., &
  • Ricketts, T. C. (2020). Rural health in the United States. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Global Public Health.
  • Rosenblatt, R. A., Andrilla, C. H. A., & Curtin, T. (2021). Evidence of progress toward resolving rural-urban physician disparities. The Journal of Rural Health, 37(1), 5-8.
  • Thomas, S., Jenkins, C., & Montague, J. (2021). The role of technology in addressing health disparities: A narrative review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(3), e23484.
  • Wheeler, S. N., Pollard, S. E., Behringer, B., & Haynes, T. F. (2021). Utilizing telehealth to promote mental and behavioral health in rural areas: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1841.

 Title: Health Disparities in Rural Communities: A Closer Look at Nepal’s Rural Setting

Introduction: Health disparities refer to differences in health outcomes and access to healthcare services between different populations or geographic regions. While health disparities exist in various settings, rural communities often face unique challenges due to their remote locations, limited resources, and socioeconomic factors. This article aims to shed light on health disparities in rural communities, with a specific focus on Nepal’s rural setting. By examining recent research findings, we can better understand the factors contributing to health disparities and explore potential solutions to address them.

Limited Access to Healthcare Services: Rural communities in Nepal often experience limited access to healthcare services. Geographic barriers, including rugged terrain and poor transportation infrastructure, make it challenging for individuals to reach healthcare facilities (World Bank, 2020). Recent studies have shown that individuals in rural areas have higher rates of unmet healthcare needs, delayed healthcare seeking, and reduced access to essential health services (Gautam et al., 2019; Adhikari et al., 2020).

Shortage of Healthcare Providers: Nepal’s rural communities also face a shortage of healthcare providers, including doctors, nurses, and midwives. Research has indicated that healthcare workers are often concentrated in urban areas, leading to a scarcity of skilled professionals in rural regions (World Health Organization, 2018). This shortage affects the quality and availability of healthcare services, resulting in poorer health outcomes in rural populations (Thapa et al., 2021).

Socioeconomic Factors and Health Disparities: Socioeconomic factors play a significant role in health disparities within rural communities. Poverty, limited education, and unemployment rates are prevalent in rural Nepal, leading to adverse health outcomes. Recent research has demonstrated the link between lower socioeconomic status and higher rates of communicable diseases, malnutrition, and maternal and child health issues in rural areas (Paudel et al., 2020; Acharya et al., 2021).

Health Disparities among Ethnic Groups: Ethnic diversity in Nepal’s rural communities further contributes to health disparities. Studies have highlighted disparities in health outcomes and healthcare access among different ethnic groups. Factors such as cultural practices, language barriers, and discrimination can affect healthcare-seeking behavior and health outcomes (Ghimire et al., 2020; Shrestha et al., 2021). Recent research has emphasized the need for culturally sensitive healthcare services to address these disparities.

Impact of COVID-19 on Rural Health Disparities: The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated existing health disparities in Nepal’s rural communities. Limited access to healthcare facilities, information, and resources has hindered the pandemic response in rural areas. Recent studies have shown that rural populations face higher risks of COVID-19 transmission, delayed testing, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure (Dahal et al., 2020; Gautam et al., 2021).

Conclusion:

Health disparities in rural communities, such as those found in Nepal’s rural setting, are complex and multifaceted. Limited access to healthcare services, shortages of healthcare providers, socioeconomic factors, and ethnic disparities all contribute to these inequities. Addressing health disparities in rural areas requires comprehensive strategies, including improving healthcare infrastructure, increasing the healthcare workforce, addressing socioeconomic factors, and promoting culturally sensitive healthcare practices. By recognizing and acting upon these research findings, we can strive to reduce health disparities and promote equitable health outcomes in Nepal’s rural communities and beyond.

REFERENCES

  • Adhikari, S., Shrestha, N., Acharya, D., Bhattarai, A., Shrestha, N., & Acharya, D. (2020). Access to and utilization of health services in rural communities of Nepal: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 20(1), 1-10.
  • Acharya, D., Bhattarai, A., Adhikari, S., Shrestha, N., Shrestha, N., & Acharya, D. (2021). Socio-economic determinants of child malnutrition in rural communities of Nepal. BMC Pediatrics, 21(1), 1-10.
  • Dahal, R. K., Chauhan, P., Shakya, S., Baniya, A., Shakya, S., Rana, S., … & Dhimal, M. (2020). Perceived impact of COVID-19 among rural populations in Nepal: A cross-sectional survey. Frontiers in Public Health, 8, 1-10.
  • Gautam, S., Chhetri, R., Koirala, S., Paudel, R., Adhikari, R., Kadayat, T. M., … & Shrestha, N. (2019). Utilization of health care services by elderly population in rural Nepal: A cross-sectional study. Research Square. doi: 10.21203/rs.2.16454/v1
  • Gautam, S., Chhetri, R., Koirala, S., Paudel, R., Adhikari, R., Kadayat, T. M., … & Shrestha, N. (2021). Barriers and facilitators to COVID-19 testing in rural communities of Nepal: A qualitative study. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 1-11.
  • Ghimire, U., Paudel, G., Ghimire, S., Gurung, Y., & Baral, K. (2020). Factors associated with healthcare utilization among ethnic minority women in Nepal: A community-based cross-sectional study. PloS One, 15(11), e0241792.
  • Shrestha, N., Acharya, D., Bhattarai, A., Adhikari, S., Shrestha, N., & Acharya, D. (2021). Disparities in health service utilization among ethnic groups in rural communities of Nepal: A cross-sectional study. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1-10.
  • Thapa, R., Bam, K., Tiwari, P., Yadav, D. K., Paudel, R., & Thapa, P. (2021). Health workforce in rural Nepal: Current scenario and future directions. Journal of Nepal Health Research Council, 19(1), 1-6.
  • World Bank. (2020). World Development Report 2020: Trading for Development in the Age of Global Value Chains. Retrieved from https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/32437
  • World Health Organization. (2018). Health workforce in Nepal: Snapshot. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/hrh/documents/nepal_workforce_snapshot/en/

Mental health for men

Dec 5, 2023 | Men's Health

Mental health is an important aspect of overall wellbeing, yet it is often overlooked, particularly among men. Men are often expected to be tough, stoic, and unemotional, which can make it difficult for them to seek help when they are struggling with mental health issues. In this article, we will explore the unique challenges that men face in regards to mental health and offer tips and resources for coping with stress, anxiety, and depression.

Challenges Men Face

There are several challenges that men face when it comes to mental health. One of the main challenges is societal expectations. Men are often expected to be strong and not show weakness, which can make it difficult for them to seek help when they are struggling with mental health issues. Men may also feel like they are not supposed to talk about their feelings or emotions, which can lead to feelings of isolation and loneliness.

Another challenge that men face is the stigma surrounding mental health. Many men may feel ashamed or embarrassed to admit that they are struggling with mental health issues, as there is often a perception that mental health problems are a sign of weakness or inadequacy. This stigma can prevent men from seeking help and can exacerbate their symptoms.

Tips for Coping with Mental Health Issues

If you are a man who is struggling with mental health issues, it is important to know that you are not alone and that there are resources available to help you. Here are some tips for coping with mental health issues:

Talk to someone: It can be difficult to talk about your feelings and emotions, but it is important to remember that you don’t have to go through this alone. Talking to a friend, family member, or mental health professional can help you to process your feelings and get the support you need.

Practice self-care: Taking care of yourself is an important part of maintaining good mental health. This can include getting regular exercise, eating a healthy diet, getting enough sleep, and engaging in activities that you enjoy.

Seek professional help: If you are struggling with mental health issues, it is important to seek professional help. A mental health professional can provide you with the tools and support you need to manage your symptoms and improve your mental health.

Connect with others: Connecting with others who are going through similar experiences can be a great way to get support and feel less alone. Consider joining a support group or reaching out to a mental health organization for resources.

Resources for Men’s Mental Health

There are many resources available to help men who are struggling with mental health issues. Here are some organizations and resources that you may find helpful:

Movember: Movember is an organization that focuses on men’s health issues, including mental health. They provide resources and support for men who are struggling with mental health issues.

HeadsUpGuys: HeadsUpGuys is a website that provides resources and support for men who are struggling with depression. They offer information about symptoms, treatment options, and coping strategies.

The Samaritans: The Samaritans is a mental health organization that provides support and resources for people who are struggling with mental health issues. They offer a helpline that you can call if you need support.

Men’s Health Forum: The Men’s Health Forum is an organization that focuses on men’s health issues, including mental health. They provide resources and support for men who are struggling with mental health issues.

In conclusion, mental health is an important aspect of overall wellbeing, and it is important for men to prioritize their mental health. If you are struggling with mental health issues, it is important to know that you are not alone and that there are resources available to help you. By talking to someone, practicing self- care, seeking professional help and connecting with others, men can take steps towards improving their mental health and overall wellbeing. It is important to remember that seeking help is a sign of strength, not weakness, and that taking care of your mental health is just as important as taking care of your physical health.

REFERENCES

Healthcare financing

Dec 4, 2023 | Healthcare policy and reform

Healthcare financing plays a crucial role in sustaining and improving healthcare systems worldwide. It involves the mechanisms and strategies used to fund healthcare services, including the collection, pooling, and allocation of financial resources. Different countries employ various healthcare financing models tailored to their specific needs and priorities. This article aims to provide an overview of different healthcare financing models, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and explore recent research findings that shed light on their effectiveness.

Fee-for-Service Model:

The fee-for-service model, also known as the traditional or retrospective reimbursement model, is one of the most common healthcare financing approaches. In this model, healthcare providers are reimbursed for each service or procedure they deliver to patients. It creates a direct link between service provision and payment, incentivizing healthcare providers to offer more services. However, critics argue that this model can lead to overutilization, increased healthcare costs, and fragmented care (1).

Recent research findings have highlighted the limitations of the fee-for-service model. For example, a study by Himmelstein et al. (2020) found that fee-for- service reimbursement was associated with higher healthcare spending in the United States compared to other countries with different financing models (2). This suggests the need for alternative financing models that can control costs while ensuring quality care.

Capitation Model: The capitation model involves paying healthcare providers a fixed amount per patient, regardless of the number or types of services provided. This approach aims to incentivize providers to focus on preventive care, manage chronic conditions effectively, and deliver cost-effective services. Capitation models can promote coordinated care and emphasize population health outcomes. However, there is a concern that providers may skimp on necessary care to reduce costs, potentially compromising patient outcomes.

Recent research has explored the impact of capitation models on healthcare quality and costs. A study by Van Kleef et al. (2021) analyzed the effects of introducing capitation payments in primary care in the Netherlands and found that it led to improved patient experiences and increased healthcare efficiency (3). This suggests that properly designed and implemented capitation models can contribute to better healthcare outcomes.

Social Health Insurance:

Social health insurance involves the compulsory pooling of funds from individuals or employers to provide universal healthcare coverage. In this model, the financing responsibility is shared among the population, and healthcare services are provided by both public and private providers. Social health insurance systems typically offer comprehensive benefits and prioritize equity and solidarity. However, the success of this model depends on achieving a sufficient risk pool, effectively managing costs, and ensuring equitable access to care.

Research on social health insurance has demonstrated its positive impact on healthcare access and financial protection. For instance, a study by Wagstaff et al. (2019) examined the effects of social health insurance in low- and middle-income countries and found that it significantly reduced the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures and improved access to care (4). These findings highlight the potential of social health insurance in achieving universal healthcare coverage.

Single-Payer Model:

The single-payer model involves a government-run healthcare system where a single public entity finances healthcare services for the entire population. It typically involves the government acting as the sole insurer, collecting taxes or contributions, and negotiating prices with healthcare providers. This model aims to achieve universal coverage, control costs through centralized negotiation, and reduce administrative complexity. However, implementing a single-payer system can face political, economic, and operational challenges.

Recent research has examined the performance of single-payer healthcare systems. A study by Gaffney et al. (2021) analyzed the healthcare financing and outcomes in countries with single-payer systems and found that these systems were associated with lower healthcare expenditures and better health outcomes compared to multi-payer systems (5). This suggests that a single-payer model can be effective in achieving cost containment and improving healthcare outcomes.

Health Savings Account Model: The health savings account (HSA) model involves individuals or employers contributing to tax-advantaged savings accounts specifically designated for healthcare expenses. These funds can be used to pay for qualified medical expenses, and any unused funds can be rolled over from year to year. HSAs aim to promote consumer-driven healthcare by giving individuals greater control over their healthcare spending decisions. However, this model raises concerns about affordability and equitable access to care, as individuals with lower incomes may struggle to contribute to HSAs.

Recent research has examined the impact of HSAs on healthcare utilization and costs. A study by Ayyagari et al. (2020) investigated the effects of HSA enrollment on healthcare utilization and found that HSAs were associated with reduced outpatient visits but did not significantly affect overall healthcare costs (6). Further research is needed to assess the long-term impact of HSAs on healthcare access and affordability.

Combination Models: Many countries employ a combination of healthcare financing models to achieve their healthcare goals. These hybrid models often integrate elements of different models to capitalize on their strengths while addressing their limitations. For example, some countries combine social health insurance with private health insurance to ensure comprehensive coverage while offering individuals the option to purchase additional private coverage for enhanced benefits or services.

Recent research has focused on assessing the performance of combination models. A study by Kwon et al. (2021) examined the effectiveness of a hybrid healthcare financing model in South Korea, which combines social health insurance with private insurance. The study found that this model improved access to care and reduced financial burden for individuals (7). These findings suggest that combination models can offer a balanced approach to healthcare financing.

Conclusion: Healthcare financing models play a critical role in determining the accessibility, affordability, and quality of healthcare services. The fee-for-service model, capitation model, social health insurance, single-payer model, health savings account model, and combination models each have their strengths and weaknesses. Recent research findings have shed light on the effectiveness of these models in controlling costs, improving healthcare outcomes, and promoting equitable access to care.

It is important for policymakers to consider the unique characteristics and needs of their populations when designing healthcare financing systems. A comprehensive approach that combines elements of different models may offer a more effective and sustainable solution. Additionally, ongoing research and evaluation of healthcare financing models are crucial to identify best practices and inform evidence-based policymaking.

By continually exploring and refining healthcare financing models, countries can strive towards achieving universal healthcare coverage, improving healthcare outcomes, and ensuring financial protection for individuals and families.

REFERENCES

  • Park, M., & Braun, N. (2019). Revisiting fee-for-service healthcare payment: Concepts, challenges, and the road ahead. Health Policy, 123(2), 117-122.
  • Himmelstein, D. U., Woolhandler, S., & Harnly, M. E. (2020). Wealth and healthcare spending in the US. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 35(5), 1542- 1544.
  • Van Kleef, R. C., Lambooij, M. S., Wijnands, S., & De Korne, D. F. (2021). The effects of capitation payments in primary care: Evidence from a quasi-experiment in the Netherlands. Social Science & Medicine, 270, 113661.
  • Wagstaff, A., Flores, G., Hsu, J., Smitz, M. F., Chepynoga, K., & Buisman, L. R. (2019). Progress on catastrophic health spending in 133 countries: a retrospective observational study. The Lancet Global Health, 7(2), e169-e179.
  • Gaffney, A., Woolhandler, S., & Angell, M. (2021). Medicare for All and its rivals: New research on the effects of single-payer and other reforms. PLoS Medicine, 18(2), e1003544.
  • Ayyagari, P., Sood, N., & Vogt, W. B. (2020). Health savings accounts and healthcare utilization. Journal of Health Economics, 72, 102337.
  • Kwon, S., Cho, E., & Lee, K. (2021). Assessing the impact of a hybrid health insurance model on healthcare utilization and financial burden: Evidence from South Korea. Health Policy and Planning, 36(3), 338-348.

The impact of food on mental health and mood

Dec 3, 2023 | Nutrition and healthy eating

Nutritional supplements have become increasingly popular as people look for ways to improve their overall health and well-being. While a balanced and varied diet is the best way to obtain all the necessary nutrients, there may be times when supplementation is necessary. In this article, we will explore the role of nutritional supplements in a healthy diet and the latest research on their effectiveness.

Nutritional supplements are products that contain one or more dietary ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals, herbs, or other botanicals. They are available in various forms, including pills, capsules, powders, and liquids. Nutritional supplements are marketed as a way to boost energy, improve immune function, enhance athletic performance, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases.

Several studies have shown that certain nutritional supplements can have a positive impact on health. For example, vitamin D supplements have been shown to improve bone health and reduce the risk of falls in older adults (1). Omega-3 supplements have been linked to a reduced risk of heart disease (2). Probiotic supplements have been shown to improve gut health and boost immune function (3).

However, it’s important to note that not all supplements are created equal. Some supplements may not contain the ingredients they claim to, or they may be contaminated with harmful substances. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates dietary supplements, but the rules are not as strict as those for prescription drugs. Therefore, it’s essential to choose supplements from reputable brands and to consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen.

In addition, it’s important to remember that supplements are not a substitute for a healthy diet. While they can help fill in nutrient gaps, they should not be relied on exclusively for meeting daily nutritional needs. A balanced and varied diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats is still the best way to obtain all the necessary nutrients.

In summary, nutritional supplements can play a role in a healthy diet, but they should not be relied on exclusively for meeting nutritional needs. Consult with a healthcare provider before starting any new supplement regimen, and choose supplements from reputable brands. A balanced and varied diet that includes whole foods is still the best way to obtain all the necessary nutrients.

REFERENCES

  • Weaver CM, Alexander DD, Boushey CJ, Dawson-Hughes B, Lappe JM, LeBoff MS, Liu S, Looker AC, Wallace TC, Wang DD. Calcium plus vitamin D supplementation and risk of fractures: an updated meta-analysis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation. Osteoporos Int. 2016 Jan;27(1):367-76.
  • Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA. 2006 Oct 18;296(15):1885-99.
  • Hill C, Guarner F, Reid G, Gibson GR, Merenstein DJ, Pot B, Morelli L, Canani RB, Flint HJ, Salminen S, Calder PC. Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014 Aug;11(8):506-14.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle

Dec 2, 2023 | Men's Health

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is essential for everyone, regardless of gender. However, men often neglect their health, leading to several health problems. Healthy habits like regular exercise, healthy eating, stress management, and preventative health measures like regular check-ups and screenings can help prevent many health issues in men. In this article, we will discuss these healthy habits and the benefits of preventative health measures under men’s health.

Regular Exercise:

Regular exercise is crucial for maintaining good health. It not only helps to keep the body fit but also reduces the risk of various health conditions such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Men should aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week. Some good options include brisk walking, jogging, cycling, swimming, and weightlifting. Exercise can also help to relieve stress and improve mental health.

Healthy Eating:

A healthy diet is crucial for maintaining good health. Men should aim to eat a balanced diet that includes plenty of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats. It is also essential to limit the intake of processed foods, sugary drinks, and alcohol. Men should aim to drink at least 8-10 glasses of water a day to stay hydrated. A healthy diet can help to maintain a healthy weight and reduce the risk of various health conditions, including heart disease, high blood pressure, and type 2 diabetes.

Stress Management:

Stress is a part of life, but prolonged stress can lead to various health problems. Men should aim to manage their stress levels by practicing relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, and yoga. Regular exercise and a healthy diet can also help to reduce stress levels. It is also essential to prioritize self-care activities such as spending time with loved ones, pursuing hobbies, and taking breaks when needed.

Preventative Health Measures:

Preventative health measures such as regular check-ups and screenings are essential for maintaining good health. Men should aim to schedule regular check- ups with their healthcare provider, even if they feel healthy. These check-ups can help to detect health problems early, when they are more treatable. Men should also discuss their family health history with their healthcare provider, as certain conditions may be more common in some families.

Screenings such as blood pressure checks, cholesterol tests, and prostate cancer screenings are also essential for maintaining good health. Men should discuss the appropriate screening schedule with their healthcare provider based on their age, family history, and other risk factors.

Benefits of Maintaining a Healthy Lifestyle:

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle can have numerous benefits for men. It can help to prevent various health conditions, improve mental health, and increase longevity. It can also help to boost energy levels, improve sleep quality, and enhance overall quality of life. By making healthy choices, men can not only improve their own health but also set a positive example for their families and communities.

Maintaining a healthy lifestyle is essential for men to lead a long and healthy life. Regular exercise, healthy eating, stress management, and preventative health measures can help prevent various health conditions and improve overall health. By making small changes to their lifestyle, men can improve their health and set a positive example for others. Men should prioritize their health and well-being by making healthy choices and scheduling regular check-ups and screenings with their healthcare provider.