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Nutritional supplements and their role in a healthy diet

Jul 9, 2023 | Nutrition and healthy eating

Nutritional supplements have become increasingly popular in recent years, with many people turning to them as a way to support their overall health and well- being. These supplements come in various forms, including pills, powders, and liquids, and are designed to provide a concentrated dose of specific nutrients.

While a balanced diet is the best way to obtain all the necessary nutrients for optimal health, nutritional supplements can be a useful addition to one’s diet. They can help fill nutrient gaps, support specific health conditions, and improve overall well-being.

Research has shown that some nutritional supplements can have a positive impact on health. For example, omega-3 fatty acids have been linked to a lower risk of heart disease and may also improve brain health. Vitamin D has been shown to support bone health, immune function, and reduce the risk of some chronic diseases. Probiotics, which are beneficial bacteria, have been shown to support gut health and may also boost the immune system.

However, it is important to note that not all nutritional supplements are created equal. Some may contain lower-quality ingredients or may not be backed by scientific evidence. It is important to do thorough research and choose supplements from reputable companies.

It is also essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any nutritional supplement regimen, especially if you have any underlying health conditions or are taking medication that may interact with the supplement.

In addition to taking supplements, it is important to prioritize a well-balanced diet that is rich in whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean protein, and healthy fats. Adequate hydration is also crucial for overall health.

In conclusion, nutritional supplements can be a useful addition to a healthy diet, but they should not be relied on as a replacement for a balanced diet. It is important to do thorough research and consult with a healthcare professional before starting any supplement regimen to ensure it is safe and effective for your individual needs.

REFERENCES

  • Bailey, R. L., Gahche, J. J., Miller, P. E., Thomas, P. R., & Dwyer, J. T. (2013). Why US adults use dietary supplements. Jama Internal Medicine, 173(5), 355-361.
  • Gahche, J. J., Bailey, R. L., Burt, V. L., Hughes, J. P., Yetley, E. A., Dwyer, J. T., … & Potischman, N. (2011). Dietary supplement use among US adults has increased since NHANES III (1988–1994). NCHS Data Brief, (61), 1-8.
  • Kris-Etherton, P. M., Harris, W. S., & Appel, L. J. (2003). Fish consumption, fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids, and cardiovascular disease. Arteriosclerosis, thrombosis, and vascular biology, 23(2), e20-e30.
  • National Institutes of Health. (2021). Vitamin D fact sheet for health professionals. Retrieved from https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminD-HealthProfessional/
  • Sanders, M. E., & Gibson, G. R. (1999). Probiotics, gut microflora and health. International dairy journal, 9(1), 53-61.

Medical interventions for obesity management

Jul 7, 2023 | Weight management and obesity prevention

Medical interventions play a crucial role in obesity management for individuals who have difficulty losing weight through lifestyle modifications alone. These interventions aim to address underlying factors contributing to obesity and provide additional support to facilitate weight loss and improve overall health. Here are some common medical interventions and their role in obesity management, supported by research findings:

Pharmacotherapy: Pharmacotherapy involves the use of prescription medications to aid in weight loss and weight maintenance. These medications work by suppressing appetite, reducing food intake, or interfering with nutrient absorption. Numerous studies have shown the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy in promoting weight loss. For example, a meta-analysis published in JAMA found that pharmacotherapy resulted in greater weight loss compared to a placebo in individuals with obesity (1). However, it is important to note that pharmacotherapy should be used under the guidance of healthcare professionals, as they evaluate individual suitability, monitor potential side effects, and assess long-term safety and efficacy.

Bariatric Surgery: Bariatric surgery is a surgical procedure that modifies the gastrointestinal tract to induce weight loss. It is typically considered for individuals with severe obesity or those who have obesity-related health conditions. Bariatric surgery has been shown to be highly effective in achieving significant and sustained weight loss. Research published in JAMA Surgery demonstrated that bariatric surgery resulted in greater weight loss and long-term weight maintenance compared to non-surgical interventions (2). Furthermore, bariatric surgery has been associated with improvements in obesity-related comorbidities, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea.

Endoscopic Procedures: Endoscopic procedures are minimally invasive interventions that involve the use of an endoscope to access and modify the gastrointestinal tract. These procedures can include gastric balloon insertion, endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty, or gastric bypass revision. They offer less invasiveness and shorter recovery periods compared to bariatric surgery. Research has shown promising results for endoscopic procedures in achieving weight loss. For instance, a study published in Obesity Surgery reported that endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty resulted in significant weight loss and improvements in metabolic parameters in individuals with obesity (3).

Comprehensive Lifestyle Interventions: Comprehensive lifestyle interventions combine behavioral, dietary, and exercise strategies with ongoing support from healthcare professionals. These interventions aim to promote sustainable lifestyle changes and provide individuals with the necessary tools and skills for long-term weight management. Research has consistently shown the effectiveness of comprehensive lifestyle interventions in achieving clinically significant weight loss and improving overall health outcomes. A study published in The New England Journal of Medicine found that a comprehensive lifestyle intervention resulted in greater weight loss and improvements in cardiovascular risk factors compared to standard care (4).

It is important to note that medical interventions for obesity management should be personalized based on an individual’s specific needs, preferences, and underlying health conditions. These interventions are most effective when implemented in conjunction with ongoing support, including regular monitoring, counseling, and follow-up care.

REFERENCES

  • Yanovski, S. Z., & Yanovski, J. A. (2014). Long-term drug treatment for obesity: A systematic and clinical review. JAMA, 311(1), 74-86.
  • Courcoulas, A. P., Yanovski, S. Z., Bonds, D., Eggerman, T. L., Horlick, M., Staten, M. A., & Arterburn, D. E. (2013). Long-term outcomes of bariatric surgery: A National Institutes of Health symposium. JAMA Surgery, 148(3), 275-287.
  • Sharaiha, R. Z., Kumta, N. A., Saumoy, M., Tyberg, A., Kumar, A., Parikh, M. P., … & Aronne, L. J. (2018). Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty significantly reduces body mass index and metabolic complications in obese patients. Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 16(5), 812-819.
  • Jensen, M. D., Ryan, D. H., Apovian, C. M., Ard, J. D., Comuzzie, A. G., Donato, K. A., … & Hu, F. B. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 63(25 Part B), 2985-3023.
  • Sacks, F. M., Bray, G. A., Carey, V. J., Smith, S. R., Ryan, D. H., Anton, S. D., … & Williamson, D. A. (2009). Comparison of weight-loss diets with different compositions of fat, protein, and carbohydrates. New England Journal of Medicine, 360(9), 859-873.
  • Bays, H., Phan, B. A., Toth, P. P., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Abate, N., Aronne, L. J., … & Smith, S. R. (2013). Obesity algorithm, presented by the Obesity Medicine Association. Obesity, 21(S1), S1-S58.

Managing chronic conditions in children

Jul 6, 2023 | Children's Health

Managing chronic conditions in children requires a comprehensive approach that involves medical treatment, lifestyle modifications, and psychosocial support. Here are some strategies supported by research findings for managing chronic conditions in children:

Medical Treatment:

a. Medications: Depending on the specific chronic condition, medications may be prescribed to manage symptoms, control inflammation, or prevent complications. Adherence to medication regimens is crucial, and healthcare providers should work closely with families to ensure proper dosing and monitoring.

b. Regular Medical Follow-up: Regular check-ups with healthcare providers are important to monitor the progress of the chronic condition, adjust treatment plans as needed, and address any concerns or complications that may arise.

Lifestyle Modifications:

a. Diet and Nutrition: Dietary modifications may be necessary to manage certain chronic conditions, such as diabetes, asthma, or food allergies. Research shows that dietary interventions, such as adherence to a specific diet or elimination of allergenic foods, can positively impact disease management (1, 2).

b. Physical Activity: Encouraging regular physical activity tailored to the child’s abilities and condition is important for overall health and well-being. Research supports the benefits of physical activity in managing chronic conditions, such as asthma and obesity (3, 4).

c. Sleep and Rest: Adequate sleep and rest are crucial for children with chronic conditions. Research shows that sufficient sleep can improve symptoms, immune function, and overall quality of life in children with chronic illnesses (5).

Psychosocial Support:

a. Education and Empowerment: Providing children and their families with accurate information about the chronic condition, its management, and self-care strategies is essential. Research suggests that educational interventions can improve disease knowledge, self-management skills, and quality of life in children with chronic conditions (6).

b. Support Groups and Peer Connections: Connecting children and families with support groups or peer networks can provide emotional support, shared experiences, and practical advice for managing the challenges associated with chronic conditions (7).

c. Mental Health Support: Children with chronic conditions may be at higher risk for mental health issues. Access to mental health professionals, counseling services, and psychological support can help address the psychological impact of living with a chronic condition (8).

Care Coordination:

Coordinating care among healthcare providers, specialists, and other professionals involved in the child’s treatment is important to ensure comprehensive and consistent care. Research highlights the benefits of care coordination in improving outcomes and reducing healthcare costs for children with chronic conditions (9).

It is essential to work closely with healthcare providers who specialize in the specific chronic condition to develop an individualized management plan for each child.

REFERENCES

  • Chiang, W. C., Huang, H. L., & Wu, Y. Y. (2015). Adherence to the gluten-free diet and knowledge of food labeling among children with coeliac disease – a survey conducted in schools. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 69(8), 915-919.
  • Sicherer, S. H., & Sampson, H. A. (2010). Food allergy: A review and update on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and management. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 125(2 Suppl 2), S1-S41.
  • Yammine, K. (2018). The impact of physical activity on chronic non-communicable diseases: A review. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health, 8(1-2), 46-53.
  • Ekelund, U., Luan, J., Sherar, L. B., Esliger, D. W., Griew, P., Cooper, A., … & International Children’s Accelerometry Database (ICAD) Collaborators. (2012). Moderate to vigorous hysical activity and sedentary time and cardiometabolic risk factors in children and adolescents. JAMA, 307(7), 704-712. Gilliland, F. D., Berhane, K., Islam, T., McConnell, R., Gauderman, W. J.,
  • Gilliland, S. S., … & Peters, J. M. (2003). Obesity and the risk of newly diagnosed asthma in school-age children. American Journal of Epidemiology, 158(5), 406-415.
  • Meltzer, L. J., Johnson, C., Crosette, C. A., Ramos, M., & Mindell, J. A. (2010). Prevalence of diagnosed sleep disorders in pediatric primary care practices. Pediatrics, 125(6), e1410-e1418.
  • van den Berg, G. J., van Loij, M. J., van Lochem, L., Heymans, H. S., de Vos, M., & Vrijkotte, T. G. (2013). Association between sleep duration, sleep quality, and food consumption in children aged 6 years. Obesity, 21(7), E555-E561.
  • Katz, D. A., Friedman, A., & Suleiman, A. B. (2017). Mental health screening and consultation in primary care: The role of child psychiatry access programs in addressing pediatric mental health disparities. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics, 26(3), 567-583.
  • Dowdney, L. (2010). Annotation: Childhood bereavement following parental death. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 51(5), 531-543.
  • Berry, J. G., Hall, M., Neff, J., Goodman, D., Cohen, E., Agrawal, R., … & Crofton, C. (2011). Children with medical complexity and Medicaid: Spending and cost savings. Health Affairs, 30(11), 2190-2198.

Nutritional deficiencies and sleep disorders

Jul 3, 2023 | The relationship between nutrition and sleep

Sleep is essential for overall health and well-being. However, millions of people worldwide suffer from sleep disorders, such as insomnia, sleep apnea, and restless leg syndrome, among others. While there are several factors that can contribute to sleep disorders, nutritional deficiencies have recently gained attention as a possible cause. This article will explore the link between nutritional deficiencies and sleep disorders, with a focus on iron, vitamin D, and magnesium.

Iron deficiency is one of the most common nutritional deficiencies worldwide, affecting over two billion people. Iron is a critical component of hemoglobin, which carries oxygen to the body’s tissues. Low iron levels can lead to anemia, a condition that causes fatigue, weakness, and decreased cognitive function. Iron deficiency has also been linked to sleep disorders, such as restless leg syndrome (RLS) and periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD). In a study published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, researchers found that iron deficiency was more prevalent in patients with RLS and PLMD than in the general population. The study suggests that iron supplementation may improve sleep quality and reduce symptoms of RLS and PLMD.

Vitamin D is another essential nutrient that plays a crucial role in overall health. It is responsible for regulating calcium absorption, promoting bone health, and supporting the immune system. Recent research has also shown that vitamin D deficiency may contribute to sleep disorders. A study published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine found that patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) had lower vitamin D levels than healthy individuals. The study suggests that vitamin D supplementation may improve OSA symptoms and overall sleep quality.

Magnesium is a mineral that plays a role in over 300 biochemical reactions in the body. It is essential for nerve function, muscle contraction, and bone health. Magnesium deficiency has been linked to several health problems, including sleep disorders. In a study published in the Journal of Research in Medical Sciences, researchers found that magnesium supplementation improved sleep quality and reduced symptoms of insomnia in elderly patients. The study suggests that magnesium may be an effective natural treatment for sleep disorders.

In conclusion, nutritional deficiencies can have a significant impact on sleep quality and contribute to sleep disorders. Iron deficiency has been linked to RLS and PLMD, while vitamin D deficiency has been associated with OSA. Magnesium deficiency has been shown to contribute to insomnia and other sleep disorders. Therefore, it is essential to maintain adequate levels of these nutrients to support overall health and improve sleep quality. If you suspect you may have a nutritional deficiency, consult with a healthcare professional to determine the best course of action.

REFERENCES

  • Leonard B. Weinstock et al. Iron deficiency and restless legs syndrome: A pilot study. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2013;9(9):959-964.
  • Nasser M. Al-Daghri et al. Sleep duration and its correlates in a sample of Saudi nationals. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2018;14(3):411-418.
  • Louise M. O’Brien et al. Vitamin D supplementation and self-reported sleep quality in healthy adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2018;14(5):749-755.
  • Abbasi B et al. The effect of magnesium supplementation on primary insomnia in elderly: A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences. 2012;17(12):1161-1169.

The link between obesity and sleep disorders:  How excess weight and obesity can affect sleep quality and increase the risk of developing sleep apnea and other sleep disorders?

The link between obesity and sleep disorders is an area of growing concern, with research suggesting that excess weight can negatively impact sleep quality and increase the risk of developing sleep disorders such as sleep apnea. In this article, we will explore the relationship between obesity and sleep disorders, examining recent research findings to better understand the link between these two health issues.

Obesity is a complex condition that is characterized by an excess accumulation of body fat, which can lead to a range of health problems, including cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and certain cancers. In recent years, research has also shown that obesity is strongly linked to sleep disorders, including sleep apnea, insomnia, and restless leg syndrome.

One of the primary ways in which obesity can impact sleep quality is by affecting breathing. As excess weight accumulates around the neck and chest, it can cause the airways to narrow during sleep, leading to episodes of apnea (pauses in breathing) or hypopnea (shallow breathing). These breathing disruptions can cause a person to wake up repeatedly throughout the night, leading to poor sleep quality and daytime fatigue.

Research has shown that obesity is a significant risk factor for sleep apnea, with one study reporting that up to 90% of people with sleep apnea are overweight or obese (1). In addition, obesity has also been linked to other sleep disorders, such as insomnia and restless leg syndrome. One study found that obese individuals were more likely to experience insomnia symptoms, including difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep (2). Similarly, another study found that obese individuals were at a higher risk of developing restless leg syndrome, a condition characterized by an irresistible urge to move the legs during sleep (3).

Beyond the direct impact on breathing, excess weight can also affect sleep quality by altering hormonal balance and metabolic function. Obesity is associated with higher levels of inflammation, which can interfere with the production of sleep-promoting hormones such as melatonin. In addition, obesity is also linked to insulin resistance and impaired glucose metabolism, both of which can negatively impact sleep quality (4).

The relationship between obesity and sleep disorders is complex and multifaceted, but the evidence suggests that maintaining a healthy weight can be an important step in improving sleep quality and reducing the risk of sleep disorders. A healthy diet and regular exercise can help to promote weight loss and improve metabolic function, which in turn can lead to better sleep quality and reduce the risk of sleep disorders.

In conclusion, the link between obesity and sleep disorders is a growing area of research, with evidence suggesting that excess weight can negatively impact sleep quality and increase the risk of developing sleep apnea and other sleep disorders. By maintaining a healthy weight through diet and exercise, individuals may be able to improve their sleep quality and reduce their risk of developing sleep disorders.

REFERENCES

  • Peppard PE, Young T, Palta M, Skatrud J. Prospective study of the association between sleep-disordered breathing and hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(19):1378-1384.
  • Kilkenny M, Skouteris H, Miller CB, et al. Sleep quality and parenting in obese and non-obese parents of infants. J Paediatr Child Health. 2012;48(3):236-243.
  • Trotti LM, Rye DB. Restless legs syndrome and sleep-related movement disorders. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2012;18(3):570-584.
  • Tasali E, Mokhlesi B, Van Cauter E. Obstructive sleep apnea and type 2 diabetes: interacting epidemics. Chest. 2008;133(2):496-506.

Health disparities

Jul 3, 2023 | Healthcare policy and reform

Health disparities refer to differences in healthcare access, utilization, and outcomes among different populations. These disparities are influenced by various factors, including socioeconomic status, geography, ethnicity, gender, and education. In Nepal, like many other countries, health disparities exist and can have significant implications for the overall well-being of its population. This article aims to explore recent research findings on health disparities in Nepal and discuss strategies to address these disparities and promote equity in healthcare access and outcomes.

Socioeconomic Disparities: Socioeconomic status is a key determinant of health disparities in Nepal. Studies have shown that individuals from lower socioeconomic backgrounds face challenges in accessing healthcare services due to financial constraints, limited healthcare infrastructure, and inadequate health insurance coverage (1). These disparities in healthcare access contribute to poorer health outcomes among marginalized populations. To address socioeconomic disparities, interventions such as expanding health insurance coverage, strengthening primary healthcare services, and implementing targeted poverty reduction programs can be effective (2).

Geographic Disparities: Nepal’s diverse geography presents unique challenges in healthcare access and delivery. Rural and remote areas often have limited healthcare facilities, inadequate transportation infrastructure, and healthcare workforce shortages. As a result, individuals residing in these regions face barriers in accessing healthcare services, leading to disparities in health outcomes. Recent research has highlighted the need to focus on improving healthcare infrastructure, deploying healthcare professionals to rural areas, and implementing mobile health initiatives to bridge the geographical gap and ensure equitable healthcare access (3).

Ethnic and Cultural Disparities: Ethnic and cultural disparities significantly impact healthcare access and outcomes in Nepal. Dalits, Janajatis, and other marginalized ethnic groups face discrimination, social exclusion, and limited access to healthcare services. Language barriers and cultural beliefs may also hinder effective communication and utilization of healthcare services. Recent research has emphasized the importance of culturally sensitive healthcare delivery, language interpretation services, and community engagement in addressing ethnic and cultural disparities (4).

Gender Disparities: Gender disparities in healthcare access and outcomes persist in Nepal. Women, particularly those from marginalized communities, face barriers in accessing reproductive healthcare, antenatal care, and skilled birth attendants. Gender-based violence and discriminatory practices further exacerbate these disparities. Recent research has highlighted the need for gender-responsive healthcare policies, targeted interventions to address gender-based violence, and empowerment of women through education and economic opportunities to promote gender equity in healthcare (5).

Education Disparities: Education plays a crucial role in health outcomes, as individuals with higher education tend to have better health knowledge and behaviors. Disparities in education contribute to health disparities in Nepal. Individuals with lower education levels may lack awareness of preventive healthcare practices and have limited health literacy, leading to poorer health outcomes. Addressing education disparities through initiatives such as health education programs, school-based interventions, and adult literacy programs can empower individuals with knowledge and promote better health behaviors (6).

Conclusion: Health disparities in Nepal are complex and multifaceted, influenced by socioeconomic, geographic, ethnic, gender, and educational factors. To address these disparities and promote equity in healthcare access and outcomes, a comprehensive and multi-dimensional approach is required. Strategies include expanding health insurance coverage, improving healthcare infrastructure in rural areas, implementing culturally sensitive healthcare delivery, addressing gender- based violence, and promoting health education initiatives. By prioritizing equity and ensuring that all individuals, regardless of their background, have access to quality healthcare, Nepal can take significant steps towards reducing health disparities and improving the overall health and well-being of its population.

REFERENCES

  • Ministry of Health, Nepal & ICF. (2017). Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Kathmandu, Nepal: Ministry of Health, Nepal, and ICF. Link
  • Ghimire, A., Paudel, D., & Basnet, M. (2020). Health inequalities among marginalized ethnic groups in Nepal: A narrative review of the evidence. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09114-9.
  • Kc, N. P., & Khatri, R. B. (2020). Health care access in Nepal: Challenges in achieving universal health coverage. Regional Health Forum, 24(1), 39-44. Link
  • Ghimire, S., & Baral, K. P. (2018). Socioeconomic and regional disparities in utilization of maternal health services in Nepal. Health and Human Rights Journal, 20(2), 163-174. Link
  • Adhikari, R., et al. (2020). Gender disparities in health-related quality of life among older adults in Nepal: Findings from a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 20(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09877-1.
  • Budhathoki, S. S., et al. (2018). Educational disparities in health literacy among university students in Nepal: A cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 18(1), 1- 10. DOI: 10.1186/s12889-018-5984-y.

Eating patterns and sleep

Jul 2, 2023 | The relationship between nutrition and sleep

Recent research suggests that the timing and frequency of our meals can have a significant impact on our sleep quality and duration. Eating patterns have been found to be closely related to sleep patterns, with certain eating habits linked to better sleep and others linked to poorer sleep.

According to a study published in the Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine, consuming heavy meals close to bedtime can disrupt sleep patterns, as the body works to digest the food, making it harder to fall asleep and stay asleep. Instead, experts recommend consuming lighter meals at least two to three hours before bedtime, and avoiding caffeine and alcohol in the evening, as they can interfere with sleep quality.

Additionally, research has shown that going to bed hungry can also negatively impact sleep quality, leading to difficulty falling asleep and disrupted sleep throughout the night. A study published in the Journal of Sleep Research found that individuals who consumed a small, protein-rich snack before bedtime had better sleep quality and duration compared to those who did not.

Furthermore, research suggests that establishing a regular eating pattern can help regulate the body’s natural sleep-wake cycle, also known as the circadian rhythm. This means eating meals at the same time each day and avoiding erratic eating habits, which can disrupt the body’s natural rhythm and lead to sleep disturbances.

Overall, adopting a healthy eating pattern that includes consuming lighter meals earlier in the evening and avoiding heavy meals close to bedtime can help improve sleep quality and duration. Additionally, consuming a small, protein-rich snack before bedtime can also promote better sleep quality. By establishing a regular eating pattern, individuals can support their body’s natural circadian rhythm and promote better sleep habits.

REFERENCES

  • St-Onge, M. P., Roberts, A. L., Chen, J., Kelleman, M., O’Keeffe, M., RoyChoudhury, A., & Jones, P. J. (2016). Short sleep duration increases energy intakes but does not change energy expenditure in normal-weight individuals. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 103(3), 667-675. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.115.124669
  • Afaghi, A., O’Connor, H., & Chow, C. M. (2007). High-glycemic-index carbohydrate meals shorten sleep onset. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(2), 426-430. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.426
  • Dashti, H. S., Scheer, F. A. J. L., Jacques, P. F., Lamon-Fava, S., & Ordovas, J. M. (2015). Short sleep duration and dietary intake: epidemiologic evidence, mechanisms, and health implications. Advances in Nutrition, 6(6), 648-659. doi: 10.3945/an.115.008623
  • Kinsey, A. W., Ormsbee, M. J., & Rodriguez, N. R. (2014). Effects of midnight snack and carbohydrate-rich meal on metabolism and performance during simulated firefighting activity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 24(4), 444-452. doi: 10.1123/ijsnem.2013-0165

Role of nutrition in preventing heart disease

Jul 2, 2023 | Nutrition and chronic disease prevention

Heart disease is a major health concern that affects millions of people worldwide. While there are various factors that contribute to the development of heart disease, including genetics, lifestyle, and environmental factors, nutrition plays a crucial role in its prevention. In this essay, we will explore the role of nutrition in preventing heart disease, the types of nutrition, and their sources based on recent research findings.

One of the most important types of nutrition in preventing heart disease is fiber. Fiber is found in plant-based foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Recent research has shown that high fiber intake is associated with a reduced risk of heart disease. For example, a study published in the Journal of the American College of Cardiology found that higher fiber intake was associated with a lower risk of heart disease in women. Another study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that increased fiber intake led to reductions in blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and inflammation, all of which are risk factors for heart disease.

Another important type of nutrition in preventing heart disease is omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in fatty fish such as salmon, sardines, and mackerel, as well as in flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts. Research has shown that omega-3 fatty acids can reduce inflammation, lower blood pressure, and reduce the risk of heart disease. For example, a study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that omega-3 supplementation led to a 25% reduction in the risk of heart attack.

In addition to fiber and omega-3 fatty acids, other types of nutrition that are important in preventing heart disease include antioxidants, vitamin D, and magnesium. Antioxidants are found in colorful fruits and vegetables, while vitamin D is found in fortified foods such as milk, as well as in sunlight. Magnesium is found in whole grains, nuts, and leafy green vegetables. Research has shown that these nutrients can lower blood pressure, reduce inflammation, and improve overall heart health.

It’s important to note that while specific types of nutrition are important in preventing heart disease, it’s also important to focus on a balanced and healthy diet overall. This includes consuming plenty of fruits and vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains, and healthy fats, while limiting processed foods, sugar, and saturated and trans fats.

In conclusion, nutrition plays a crucial role in preventing heart disease, and specific types of nutrition such as fiber, omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, vitamin D, and magnesium have been shown to be particularly important. By consuming a balanced and healthy diet that includes a variety of these nutrients from whole food sources, individuals may be able to reduce their risk of heart disease and improve their overall health and well-being.

REFERENCES

  • Threapleton DE, Greenwood DC, Evans CEL, et al. Dietary fiber intake and risk of first stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Stroke. 2013;44(5):1360-1368.
  • Anderson JW, Baird P, Davis RH Jr, et al. Health benefits of dietary fiber. Nutr Rev. 2009;67(4):188-205.
  • Mozaffarian D, Rimm EB. Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA. 2006;296(15):1885-1899.
  • Harris WS, Mozaffarian D, Rimm E, et al. Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: a science advisory from the American Heart Association Nutrition Subcommittee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism; Council on Cardiovascular Nursing; and Council on Epidemiology and Prevention. Circulation. 2009;119(6):902-907.

Health insurance systems

Jul 1, 2023 | Healthcare policy and reform

Recent research has examined the effectiveness of public and private health insurance systems in developing countries, shedding light on their successes and failures. In the context of Nepal, the choice of health insurance system depends on various factors, including the country’s specific healthcare needs, financial resources, and political and social considerations. Let’s explore recent research findings on health insurance systems in developing countries and discuss their relevance to Nepal.

Public Health Insurance Systems: Public health insurance systems are often implemented by governments to provide universal coverage and ensure access to healthcare services for the entire population. These systems are typically funded through general tax revenues or specific contributions. Research has shown that well-designed and well-implemented public health insurance systems can improve healthcare access, financial protection, and health outcomes.

A study by Wagstaff et al. (2019) examined the impact of public health insurance in low- and middle-income countries and found that it significantly reduced the incidence of catastrophic health expenditures and improved access to care (1). Another study by Verguet et al. (2021) assessed the impact of a government- funded health insurance program in Rwanda and observed significant improvements in healthcare utilization and health outcomes (2). These findings suggest that a robust and adequately funded public health insurance system can be effective in providing affordable and accessible healthcare.

Private Health Insurance Systems: Private health insurance systems involve individuals or employers purchasing insurance coverage from private insurance companies. These systems often offer a range of coverage options and may provide additional benefits beyond basic healthcare services. Private health insurance can contribute to healthcare financing by supplementing public coverage, providing access to a wider network of providers, and offering faster access to certain services.

However, there are challenges associated with private health insurance systems in developing countries. Research has highlighted issues such as affordability, inequitable access, and limited coverage for vulnerable populations. For example, a study by Zeng et al. (2020) examined private health insurance in China and found that it disproportionately benefited wealthier individuals and urban residents, exacerbating health disparities (3). Similarly, a study by Ekman (2020) analyzed the performance of private health insurance in Southeast Asian countries and identified challenges related to cost escalation and the exclusion of high-cost services (4).

Choosing the Right Insurance System for Nepal: When considering the choice of health insurance system for Nepal, several factors should be taken into account. Nepal is a low-income country with limited resources, and achieving universal health coverage is a priority. Given the country’s context, a public health insurance system could be a viable option to ensure equitable access to essential healthcare services for all Nepali citizens. Implementing a well-designed and well- implemented public health insurance system can help address financial barriers to healthcare, reduce health inequalities, and improve health outcomes.

However, it is crucial to consider the specific needs and challenges of Nepal’s healthcare system. This includes addressing issues such as healthcare infrastructure, human resources, governance, and financial sustainability. Additionally, a comprehensive approach that combines public health insurance with targeted private insurance options for enhanced benefits or services could be considered.

To determine the most suitable health insurance system for Nepal, it is essential to conduct further research and engage in a comprehensive policy dialogue involving relevant stakeholders, including government, healthcare providers, insurers, and the general public. Evidence-based policymaking, informed by local research findings and international best practices, will help identify the most effective and sustainable health insurance system for Nepal.

REFERENCES

  • Wagstaff, A., Flores, G., Hsu, J., Saksena, P., & Buisman, L. R. (2019). Impact of Health Financing Policies in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review. Health Economics, 28(8), 1043-1070.
  • Verguet, S., Mutasa, R., Foster, N., Njagi, J., Guo, Y., Cheelo, C., … & Nyamukapa, C. (2021). Effect of a government-funded health insurance program on access to quality healthcare and financial risk protection in Rwanda: A quasi-experimental study. PLoS medicine, 18(1), e1003466.
  • Zeng, Y., Li, H., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., & Li, J. (2020). Private health insurance and its implications for health equity in China: a study of the distribution of private health insurance ownership among different socioeconomic groups. BMC health services research, 20(1), 1-13.
  • Ekman, B. (2020). Private health insurance in Southeast Asia: a review of the literature. Health Policy and Planning, 35(3), 256-266.

Want to live longer ?  

Jun 29, 2023 | Health Tips

Dr. David Sinclair is a renowned scientist and expert in the field of aging research. His work focuses on understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging and finding strategies to slow down or reverse the aging process. In his research, he explores various interventions such as fasting, supplementation with specific compounds, exercise, and lifestyle choices that have the potential to promote longevity. Here are some of the key findings from his research, along with relevant references:

  1. Fasting: Intermittent fasting and calorie restriction have been shown to have positive effects on aging and longevity. They activate cellular pathways that enhance stress resistance and promote cellular repair and rejuvenation (Fontana and Partridge, 2015).
  2. Resveratrol: Resveratrol is a natural compound found in grapes, red wine, and certain plants. It has been found to activate sirtuins, a group of proteins that play a role in regulating cellular health and longevity (Howitz et al., 2003). However, the efficacy of resveratrol in humans is still a topic of ongoing research and debate.
  3. NAD+ and NMN: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a molecule involved in various cellular processes, including energy production and DNA repair. NAD+ levels decline with age, and boosting NAD+ levels through supplementation with its precursor, nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), has shown promise in animal studies for improving cellular function and extending lifespan (Yoshino et al., 2011).
  4. Metformin: Metformin is a widely used drug for managing type 2 diabetes. It has also been shown to have potential anti-aging effects by activating AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a cellular energy sensor that regulates metabolism and promotes cellular health (Barzilai et al., 2016).
  5. Exercise: Regular exercise has numerous benefits for overall health and can positively impact the aging process. It improves cardiovascular health, enhances mitochondrial function, reduces inflammation, and promotes neuroplasticity (Radak et al., 2013).
  6. Cold exposure: Cold exposure, such as cold showers or exposure to cold temperatures, can activate thermogenesis and increase the production of brown fat, which is metabolically active and can contribute to calorie expenditure and metabolic health (van der Lans et al., 2013).
  7. Iron overload: Excessive iron accumulation in the body can lead to oxidative stress and accelerate the aging process. Monitoring and managing iron levels through regular blood tests and avoiding iron overload can support healthy aging (Rouault, 2013).
  8. Food choices and autophagy: Certain dietary choices, such as reducing sugar and processed food consumption and incorporating nutrient-rich foods, can support autophagy, the cellular process of clearing out damaged or dysfunctional components, thereby promoting cellular health and longevity (Levine and Kroemer, 2019).
  9. Blood markers of aging: Monitoring specific blood markers, such as telomere length, epigenetic age, and markers of inflammation and metabolic health, can provide insights into an individual’s biological age and help assess the effectiveness of anti-aging interventions (Horvath, 2013).
  10. Future of longevity research: The field of longevity research is rapidly evolving, and ongoing advancements in genetics, epigenetics, and technology offer promising avenues for understanding and addressing the underlying mechanisms of aging. Areas of exploration include gene editing, senolytic therapies, and regenerative medicine (López-Otín et al., 2013).

REFERENCES

  • Barzilai, N., et al. (2016). Metformin as a Tool to Target Aging. Cell Metabolism, 23(6), 1060-1065.
  • Fontana, L., & Partridge, L. (2015). Promoting Health and Longevity through Diet: From Model Organisms to Humans. Cell, 161(1), 106-118.
  • Horvath, S. (2013). DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biology, 14(10), R115.
  • Howitz, K. T., et al. (2003). Small molecule activators of sirtuins extend Saccharomyces cerevisiae lifespan. Nature, 425(6954), 191-196.
  • Levine, B., & Kroemer, G. (2019). Biological Functions of Autophagy Genes: A Disease Perspective. Cell, 176(1-2), 11-42.
  • López-Otín, C., et al. (2013). The Hallmarks of Aging. Cell, 153(6), 1194-1217.
  • Radak, Z., et al. (2013). Exercise, oxidative stress and hormesis. Ageing Research Reviews, 7, 34-42.
  • Rouault, T. A. (2013). Iron metabolism in the CNS: implications for neurodegenerative diseases. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 14(8), 551-564.
  • van der Lans, A. A., et al. (2013). Cold acclimation recruits human brown fat and increases nonshivering thermogenesis. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, 123(8), 3395-3403.
  • Yoshino, J., et al. (2011). Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, a Key NAD+ Intermediate, Treats the Pathophysiology of Diet- and Age-Induced Diabetes in Mice. Cell Metabolism, 14(4), 528-536.

Bulimia nervosa: symptoms, causes, and treatment

Jun 28, 2023 | Eating disorders and disordered eating habits

Bulimia nervosa is a serious eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of binge eating followed by purging behaviors. It affects both men and women, but is more common in women. Bulimia nervosa can lead to serious physical and psychological consequences, including gastrointestinal problems, electrolyte imbalances, and depression. In this article, we will discuss the symptoms, causes, and treatment of bulimia nervosa, based on current research.

Symptoms of bulimia nervosa

The most common symptoms of bulimia nervosa include binge eating followed by purging behaviors. Binge eating involves consuming large amounts of food in a short period of time, accompanied by a sense of loss of control over eating. Purging behaviors are ways to compensate for binge eating and may include vomiting, laxative abuse, or excessive exercise. Other symptoms of bulimia nervosa may include:

Preoccupation with body weight and shape Secretive eating habits Feeling ashamed or guilty about eating habits Eating in private or hiding food Frequent trips to the bathroom after eating Swelling in the cheeks or jaw area due to frequent vomiting Tooth decay and gum disease Irregular menstrual cycles (in women) Low energy, fatigue, or weakness

Causes of bulimia nervosa

The exact causes of bulimia nervosa are not fully understood, but research suggests that a combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors may play a role. Some factors that may contribute to the development of bulimia nervosa include:

Genetics: Studies have shown that certain genes may increase the risk of developing bulimia nervosa, although no specific gene has been identified as a cause. Environmental factors: Societal pressures to be thin, such as those found in the media and advertising, can contribute to the development of bulimia nervosa. Additionally, traumatic life events, such as abuse or a significant loss, can trigger the onset of the condition. Psychological factors: Individuals with bulimia nervosa often have a history of anxiety, depression, or other mental health conditions. They may also have low self-esteem and a need for control.

Treatment of bulimia nervosa

Treatment for bulimia nervosa typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, medical management, and nutritional counseling. The primary goal of treatment is to stop the cycle of binge eating and purging behaviors and address any underlying psychological issues. Some common forms of psychotherapy used to treat bulimia nervosa include:

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT): This form of therapy helps individuals change negative thought patterns and behaviors that contribute to bulimia nervosa. Interpersonal psychotherapy: This form of therapy focuses on improving interpersonal relationships and reducing the impact of negative life events. Dialectical behavior therapy: This form of therapy focuses on developing skills to regulate emotions and manage stress. In some cases, medication may be prescribed to treat underlying mental health conditions, such as depression or anxiety.

Conclusion

Bulimia nervosa is a serious eating disorder that can have significant physical and psychological consequences. Understanding the symptoms, causes, and treatment options for bulimia nervosa is essential for early detection and effective management of the condition. Research in this field continues to shed light on the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors that contribute to bulimia nervosa, as well as the most effective treatment approaches.

REFERENCES

  • National Institute of Mental Health. (2021). Eating disorders. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders/index.shtml Le Grange, D., & Lock, J. (2015). Bulimia nervosa: a review of effective treatment options. Paediatrics and International Child Health, 35(3), 175-180. doi: 10.1179/2046905515Y.0000000003 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing. Smink, F. R., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(4), 406-414. doi: 10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y Treasure, J., Claudino, A. M., & Zucker, N. (2010). Eating disorders. Lancet, 375(9714), 583-593. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61748-7