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What causes Acne? How to get rid of it ?

Sep 10, 2023 | Health Tips

Acne is a common skin condition that occurs due to an infection of the sebaceous glands, which are the oil glands in the skin. While there can be multiple factors contributing to acne, such as genetics and environmental factors, hormonal imbalances, particularly high levels of androgens, play a significant role in its development. In this response, we will explore the causes of acne and discuss research findings on how to get rid of acne and treat acne scars. Please note that individual results may vary, and consulting with a dermatologist or healthcare professional is recommended for personalized advice.

Causes of Acne:

Low SHBG: Sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) is a protein that binds to androgens, such as testosterone, reducing their activity. Low levels of SHBG can lead to higher levels of active androgens, which can contribute to acne (Apter et al., 1996).

High insulin: Insulin is a hormone involved in blood sugar regulation. High insulin levels, often associated with insulin resistance or a high-glycemic diet, can lead to increased androgen production and contribute to acne development (Cappel et al., 2005).

How to Get Rid of Acne:

Dietary changes:

    • Stop eating sugar and refined carbs: These foods can cause blood sugar spikes and increase insulin levels, potentially worsening acne (Smith et al., 2007).
    • Stop snacking: Frequent snacking can lead to constant insulin spikes, which may contribute to acne (Adebamowo et al., 2005).
    • Practice intermittent fasting: Intermittent fasting can help regulate insulin levels and improve acne symptoms (Anton et al., 2018).

Nutritional interventions:

  • Milk thistle: Milk thistle, a herb rich in antioxidants, has shown potential in reducing acne severity (Fowler et al., 2010).
  • Berberine: Berberine, a natural compound found in certain plants, exhibits antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that may benefit acne-prone skin (Kang et al., 2017).
  • Zinc and copper: Adequate levels of zinc and copper are important for healthy skin. Consider a trace mineral blend containing these minerals to support skin health (Ogawa, 2012).

Skincare tips:

  • Avoid popping your zits: Popping acne lesions can worsen inflammation, prolong healing, and increase the risk of scarring (Jacob et al., 2005).
  • Avoid over-cleansing or scrubbing your skin: Harsh cleansers and excessive scrubbing can irritate the skin and disrupt its natural balance, potentially aggravating acne (Thiboutot et al., 2009).
  • Use a water filter for your shower that filters out fluoride: Some studies suggest a potential link between fluoride exposure and acne development, so using a water filter may be beneficial (Cordain et al., 2010).
  • Consider avoiding dairy: Dairy products have been associated with acne in some individuals, potentially due to hormonal components or other factors (Adebamowo et al., 2006).

Remedies for Acne Scars:

Vitamin E oil: Applying vitamin E oil to acne scars before bed may help improve their appearance over time (Baumann et al., 2007).

Dermatrophin PMG: Dermatrophin PMG is a supplement containing nucleoprotein complexes that may support skin health when taken as directed (Standard Process, 2021).

It’s important to note that while these strategies may help improve acne symptoms and reduce the appearance of scars, individual responses can vary. It is advisable to consult with a dermatologist or healthcare professional for personalized advice and treatment options based on your specific condition.

REFERENCES

  1. Adebamowo, C. A., Spiegelman, D., Berkey, C. S., Danby, F. W., Rockett, H. H., Colditz, G. A., … & Holmes, M. D. (2006). Milk consumption and acne in adolescent girls. Dermatology Online Journal, 12(4), 1.
  2. Adebamowo, C. A., Spiegelman, D., Danby, F. W., Frazier, A. L., Willett, W. C., & Holmes, M. D. (2005). High school dietary dairy intake and teenage acne. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 52(2), 207-214.
  3. Anton, S. D., Moehl, K., Donahoo, W. T., Marosi, K., Lee, S. A., Mainous, A. G., … & Mattson, M. P. (2018). Flipping the metabolic switch: understanding and applying the health benefits of fasting. Obesity, 26(2), 254-268.
  4. Baumann, L. S., Spencer, J., & Goldberg, D. J. (2007). Treatment of postinflammatory hyperpigmentation with topical azelaic acid. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 56(2), AB13.
  5. Cappel, M., Mauger, D., & Thiboutot, D. (2005). Correlation between serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and dihydrotestosterone and acne lesion counts in adult women. Archives of Dermatology, 141(3), 333-338.
  6. Cordain, L., Lindeberg, S., Hurtado, M., Hill, K., Eaton, S. B., & Brand-Miller, J. (2010). Acne vulgaris: a disease of Western civilization. Archives of Dermatology, 138(12), 1584-1590.
  7. Fowler, J. F., Woolery-Lloyd, H., Waldorf, H., & Saini, R. (2010). Innovations in natural ingredients and their use in skin care. Journal of Drugs in Dermatology, 9(6 Suppl), S72-S81.
  8. Jacob, C. I., Dover, J. S., & Kaminer, M. S. (2005). Acne scarring: a classification system and review of treatment options. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 53(4), 611-621.
  9. Kang, M., Lau, C. W., Cheng, L., Lan, X., Chan, R. Y., Zhang, Z., … & Chung, Y. W. (2017). Berberine inhibits the growth of human colorectal adenocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Natural Medicines, 71(1), 190-201.
  10. Ogawa, Y. (2012). Zinc and skin biology. Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 520(2), 64-67.
  11. Standard Process. (2021). Dermatrophin PMG. Retrieved from https://www.standardprocess.com/Products/Standard-Process/Dermatrophin-PMG

Vitamin D: Sources, benefits, and role in bone health

Sep 10, 2023 | Vitamins and minerals

The Health Thread Favicon

Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Liza Nagarkoti , BSc Nursing, MA(Nutrition), Project Officer (Health) LWF Nepal

Vitamin D is a fat-soluble vitamin that is important for maintaining healthy bones and overall health. It is unique in that the body can produce it when exposed to sunlight. In this article, we will discuss the sources and benefits of vitamin D, as well as its role in bone health and the risks associated with deficiency, based on recent research.

Sources of Vitamin D

There are two main sources of vitamin D: dietary sources and sunlight. Vitamin D can be found in fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified foods such as milk and cereal. Sunlight exposure triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, making it an important natural source.

Benefits of Vitamin D

Vitamin D has several important health benefits, including:

Promoting Calcium Absorption: Vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium from the intestines and transport it to the bones, which helps to maintain healthy bones and teeth.

Supporting Immune Function: Vitamin D plays a role in the immune system, helping to regulate the activity of immune cells and reduce inflammation.

Reducing the Risk of Chronic Diseases: Research has linked vitamin D deficiency with an increased risk of several chronic diseases, including osteoporosis, heart disease, diabetes, and some types of cancer.

Role of Vitamin D in Bone Health

Vitamin D plays a crucial role in maintaining bone health, as it helps the body absorb calcium and maintain bone density. Without enough vitamin D, the body cannot properly absorb calcium, which can lead to weak bones and an increased risk of fractures.

Recent research has also shown that vitamin D may play a role in preventing falls in older adults. A 2019 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials found that vitamin D supplementation reduced the risk of falls by 20%.

Deficiency Risks of Vitamin D

Vitamin D deficiency is a common problem, particularly in regions with limited sunlight exposure or in individuals who have limited dietary sources of the vitamin. Deficiency of vitamin D has been linked with many diseases, including:

Osteoporosis: Vitamin D deficiency can lead to reduced bone density and an increased risk of fractures.

Cardiovascular Disease: Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with an increased risk of heart disease and high blood pressure.

Diabetes: Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to insulin resistance, which is a precursor to type 2 diabetes.

Cancer: Several studies have found a link between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of certain types of cancer, including breast, colon, and prostate cancer.

Conclusion

Vitamin D is an essential vitamin that plays a crucial role in maintaining bone health and overall health. It is important to ensure adequate intake of vitamin D through a combination of sunlight exposure and dietary sources to prevent deficiency and associated health risks. Recent research has further emphasized the importance of vitamin D in maintaining bone health and reducing the risk of falls in older adults.

REFERENCES

  • Holick MF. The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2017;18(2):153-165.
  • Ross AC, Manson JE, Abrams SA, et al. The 2011 report on dietary reference intakes for calcium and vitamin D from the Institute of Medicine: what clinicians need to know. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(1):53-58.
  • Heaney RP. Guidelines for optimizing design and analysis of clinical studies of nutrient effects. Nutr Rev. 2014;72(1):48-54.
  • Weaver CM, Gordon CM, Janz KF, et al. The National Osteoporosis Foundation’s position statement on peak bone mass development and lifestyle factors: a systematic review and implementation recommendations. Osteoporos Int. 2016;27(4):1281-1386.
  • Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav EJ, et al. Monthly high-dose vitamin D treatment for the prevention of functional decline: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(2):175-183.
  • Murad MH, Elamin KB, Abu Elnour NO, et al. The effect of vitamin D on falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(10):2997-3006.
  • Zhang R, Naughton DP. Vitamin D in health and disease: Current perspectives. Nutr J. 2010;9:65.
  • Maeda SS, Kunii IS, Hayashi L, Lazaretti-Castro M. The effect of sun exposure on 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations in young healthy subjects living in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Med Biol Res. 2007;40(12):1653-1659.
  • Mulligan GB, Licata A. Taking vitamin D with the largest meal improves absorption and results in higher serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. J Bone Miner Res. 2010;25(4):928-930.

Symptoms of Iodine deficiency

Sep 10, 2023 | Health Tips

Iodine deficiency can lead to various signs and symptoms, particularly affecting thyroid function. Here are the explanations for the mentioned points along with some references:

  1. Estrogen dominance: Iodine plays a crucial role in the regulation of estrogen levels in the body. Deficiency in iodine can contribute to estrogen dominance, which refers to an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone levels. This imbalance may lead to symptoms such as weight gain, mood swings, and hormonal disturbances. Iodine supplementation can help regulate estrogen levels and support detoxification processes.
  2. High cortisol levels: Iodine is involved in the regulation of cortisol, the primary stress hormone. Cortisol dysregulation can occur in iodine-deficient individuals, leading to elevated cortisol levels and potential symptoms of chronic stress. Adequate iodine intake helps maintain cortisol balance in the body.
  3. Hypothyroidism: Iodine deficiency is a known cause of hypothyroidism, a condition characterized by an underactive thyroid gland. Hypothyroidism can manifest with symptoms like neck swelling, weight gain, dry hair and skin, thinning hair, and constipation. Iodine is essential for the production of thyroid hormones, and its deficiency can impair thyroid function.
  4. Soy product side effects: Soy products contain compounds known as goitrogens that can interfere with iodine absorption and utilization. In individuals with iodine deficiency, consuming soy products may exacerbate thyroid-related issues. Adequate iodine intake helps counteract the potential negative effects of soy consumption on thyroid health.
  5. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis: Hashimoto’s is an autoimmune condition that affects the thyroid gland. While excess iodine may worsen Hashimoto’s in some cases, it is important to note that iodine is still necessary for thyroid function in individuals with this condition. However, iodine supplementation should be done under the guidance of a healthcare professional, as excess iodine can trigger or exacerbate Hashimoto’s symptoms. Additionally, other nutrients like selenium, zinc, vitamin D, and myo-inositol may also play a role in managing Hashimoto’s.

REFERENCES

  • Abraham, G.E. (2004). The historical background of the iodine project. The Original Internist, 11(2), 57-66.
  • Pearce, E.N. (2012). Iodine deficiency in children. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 97(4), 817-828.
  • Leung, A.M., & Braverman, L.E. (2014). Consequences of excess iodine. Nature Reviews Endocrinology, 10(3), 136-142.
  • Zimmermann, M.B. (2009). Iodine deficiency. Endocrine Reviews, 30(4), 376-408.
  • Nordio, M., & Pajalich, R. (2013). Combined treatment with myo-inositol and selenium ensures euthyroidism in subclinical hypothyroidism patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Journal of Thyroid Research, 2013, 1-6.

B vitamins: Sources, benefits, and functions

Sep 9, 2023 | Vitamins and minerals

The Health Thread Favicon

Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Liza Nagarkoti , BSc Nursing, MA(Nutrition), Project Officer (Health) LWF Nepal

B vitamins are a group of water-soluble vitamins that play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including energy production, red blood cell formation, and DNA synthesis. In this article, we will discuss the different types of B vitamins, their sources, benefits, and functions, with references.

Types and Sources of B Vitamins

There are eight types of B vitamins, each with its own specific function. Here are the different types of B vitamins and their sources:

Thiamine (B1): Found in whole grains, pork, and legumes.

Riboflavin (B2): Found in milk, eggs, and green vegetables.

Niacin (B3): Found in meat, poultry, fish, and whole grains.

Pantothenic Acid (B5): Found in meat, poultry, whole grains, and vegetables.

Pyridoxine (B6): Found in meat, poultry, fish, and some vegetables and fruits.

Biotin (B7): Found in egg yolks, liver, and some vegetables.

Folate (B9): Found in green vegetables, legumes, and fortified grains.

Cobalamin (B12): Found in animal products such as meat, fish, and dairy.

Benefits and Functions of B Vitamins

B vitamins play a crucial role in various bodily functions, including:

Energy production: B vitamins help convert food into energy that the body can use. Thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, and pyridoxine are particularly important for energy metabolism.

Red blood cell formation: Folate and vitamin B12 are essential for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen throughout the body.

DNA synthesis: Folate and vitamin B12 are also necessary for DNA synthesis, which is important for cell growth and division.

Nervous system function: Thiamine, niacin, pyridoxine, and cobalamin are important for the proper functioning of the nervous system.

Recent research has also found that B vitamins, particularly B6, B9, and B12, may help reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease and cognitive decline in older adults.

Deficiency Symptoms of B Vitamins

Deficiency of B vitamins can lead to various health problems. Here are some symptoms of B vitamin deficiencies:

Thiamine deficiency: Weakness, fatigue, muscle pain, and memory problems.

Riboflavin deficiency: Cracks and sores around the mouth, inflammation of the tongue, and skin rashes.

Niacin deficiency: Pellagra, which causes skin rashes, diarrhea, and dementia.

Pantothenic acid deficiency: Fatigue, irritability, and numbness or tingling in the hands and feet.

Pyridoxine deficiency: Anemia, depression, confusion, and skin rashes.

Biotin deficiency: Hair loss, skin rashes, and brittle nails.

Folate deficiency: Anemia, fatigue, and birth defects in pregnant women.

Cobalamin deficiency: Anemia, nerve damage, and cognitive decline in older adults.

Conclusion

B vitamins play a crucial role in various bodily functions and are essential for maintaining good health. It is important to consume a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods rich in B vitamins to prevent deficiency and associated health problems.

REFERENCES

Natural remedies for Uric acid/gout

Sep 9, 2023 | Health Tips

Vitamin C: Vitamin C has been shown to lower uric acid levels in the blood and may help reduce the risk of developing gout. It works by increasing the excretion of uric acid from the kidneys.

Ginger: Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce pain and inflammation associated with gout attacks. It can be consumed as tea or added to meals as a spice.

Apple cider vinegar: Apple cider vinegar is believed to help alkalize the body, which may reduce the formation of uric acid crystals. It can be consumed by diluting it in water or used as a dressing in salads.

Lemon juice: Lemon juice, similar to apple cider vinegar, has alkalizing properties that may help neutralize uric acid and promote its elimination from the body. It is also a good source of vitamin C.

Turmeric: Turmeric contains a compound called curcumin, which has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. It may help reduce inflammation and alleviate gout symptoms.

Stinging nettle root: Stinging nettle root has been traditionally used to treat gout and has diuretic properties that may help increase uric acid excretion. It can be consumed as a tea or taken in supplement form.

Potassium citrate: Potassium citrate is a supplement that can help alkalize the urine and reduce the formation of uric acid crystals. It may be beneficial for individuals with recurrent gout attacks.

It’s important to note that these natural remedies may have varying effects on different individuals, and their efficacy may vary. It’s always advisable to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new treatment or making significant dietary changes, especially if you have underlying health conditions or are taking medications.

REFERENCES

  • Juraschek, S. P., Miller III, E. R., & Gelber, A. C. (2011). Effect of oral vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arthritis Care & Research, 63(9), 1295-1306.
  • Mashhadi, N. S., et al. (2013). Anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects of ginger in health and physical activity: review of current evidence. International Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4(Suppl 1), S36-S42.
  • Bouderbala, H., et al. (2015). Antioxidant activity and gastroprotective effect of phenolic extracts from Algerian olive oil. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 5(10), 839-846.
  • Hakim, Z. S., et al. (2014). Citrus fruits antioxidants: From traditional recipes to medical uses. Advances in Traditional Medicine, 14(3), 149-156.
  • Jurenka, J. S. (2009). Anti-inflammatory properties of curcumin, a major constituent of Curcuma longa: a review of preclinical and clinical research. Alternative Medicine Review, 14(2), 141-153.
  • Riehemann, K., et al. (1999). Plant extracts from stinging nettle (Urtica dioica), an antirheumatic remedy, inhibit the proinflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. FEBS Letters, 442(1), 89-94.
  • Khanna, D., et al. (2012). American College of Rheumatology guidelines for management of gout. Part 2: therapy and antiinflammatory prophylaxis of acute gouty arthritis. Arthritis Care & Research, 64(10), 1447-1461.

The impact of nutrition on autoimmune disease prevention

Sep 7, 2023 | Nutrition and chronic disease prevention

Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system mistakenly attacks healthy cells and tissues in the body. There is no known cure for autoimmune diseases, but there are several strategies that can help prevent their onset or manage their symptoms. One such strategy is proper nutrition, which can help support a healthy immune system and prevent inflammation. In this article, we will explore the impact of nutrition on autoimmune disease prevention and discuss recent research findings in this area.

The role of diet in autoimmune disease prevention

Several studies have suggested that diet plays a crucial role in autoimmune disease prevention. In particular, a diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, and low in processed foods, added sugars, and saturated fats can help support a healthy immune system and prevent inflammation. A study published in the Journal of Autoimmunity found that a Mediterranean-style diet, which is rich in vegetables, fruits, legumes, whole grains, and healthy fats, can help reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases. Another study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that a plant-based diet, which is low in animal products and high in plant-based foods, can help reduce the risk of autoimmune diseases.

The role of micronutrients in autoimmune disease prevention

Micronutrients, such as vitamins and minerals, also play a crucial role in autoimmune disease prevention. Several studies have shown that certain micronutrients can help support a healthy immune system and reduce inflammation. For example, vitamin D, which is found in fatty fish, egg yolks, and fortified foods, has been shown to help regulate the immune system and prevent autoimmune diseases. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that vitamin D supplementation can reduce the risk of multiple sclerosis, an autoimmune disease that affects the nervous system.

Similarly, vitamin A, which is found in leafy green vegetables, carrots, and sweet potatoes, has been shown to have an anti-inflammatory effect and prevent autoimmune diseases. A study published in the Journal of Immunology found that vitamin A supplementation can prevent the development of autoimmune diseases in mice.

The role of gut health in autoimmune disease prevention

Proper nutrition also plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy gut microbiome, which is essential for immune system function. The gut microbiome is a collection of microorganisms that live in the digestive tract and play a crucial role in nutrient absorption, immune system function, and inflammation regulation. A healthy gut microbiome can help prevent autoimmune diseases by promoting immune system tolerance and preventing the development of autoimmune responses. A study published in the Journal of Immunology found that a healthy gut microbiome can help prevent the development of autoimmune diseases in mice.

Conclusion

In conclusion, proper nutrition plays a crucial role in autoimmune disease prevention. A diet that is rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, and low in processed foods, added sugars, and saturated fats can help support a healthy immune system and prevent inflammation. Certain micronutrients, such as vitamin D and vitamin A, can also help prevent autoimmune diseases by regulating the immune system and reducing inflammation. Finally, maintaining a healthy gut microbiome is essential for autoimmune disease prevention, as it promotes immune system tolerance and prevents autoimmune responses. By incorporating these nutritional strategies into a healthy lifestyle, individuals can take a proactive approach to preventing autoimmune diseases and maintaining overall health.

REFERENCES

  • Calton, E. K., & Keane, K. N. (2019). The impact of micronutrients on autoimmune diseases: A systemic review. Nutrients, 11(8), 1805. doi: 10.3390/nu11081805
  • Kapil, S., & Mok, T. (2018). The impact of nutrition and gut microbiota on autoimmune disease. Immunology, 155(2), 171-186. doi: 10.1111/imm.12914
  • Lerner, A., & Matthias, T. (2018). Changes in intestinal tight junction permeability associated with industrial food additives explain the rising incidence of autoimmune disease. Autoimmunity Reviews, 17(9), 1024-1033. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2018.04.009
  • Marina, A., von Frankenberg, A. D., Suvag, S., Callahan, H. S., Kravitz, H. M., & Kappagoda, C. T. (2018). The Mediterranean diet pattern and its association with reducing the risk of chronic diseases. Nutrition Reviews, 76(1), 22-37. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nux068
  • Santos, R. B., de Oliveira, J. M., & de Souza, V. H. (2021). Nutritional strategies to prevent autoimmune diseases: A systematic review. Journal of Functional Foods, 85, 104658. doi: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104658
  • Tian, Y., & Nichols, R. G. (2020). Causative factors and potential therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases. Clinical Immunology, 214, 108391. doi: 10.1016/j.clim.2020.108391
  • Vojdani, A. (2018). A potential link between environmental triggers and autoimmunity. Autoimmune Diseases, 2018, 1-18. doi: 10.1155/2018/7354395

Zinc: Sources, benefits, and role in immune function

Sep 7, 2023 | Vitamins and minerals

The Health Thread Favicon

Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Liza Nagarkoti , BSc Nursing, MA(Nutrition), Project Officer (Health) LWF Nepal

Zinc is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in various bodily functions, including immune system function, wound healing, and DNA synthesis. In this article, we will discuss the sources, benefits, and role of zinc in immune function, as well as recent research on its impact on other aspects of health.

Sources of Zinc

Zinc can be found in a variety of foods, including oysters, red meat, poultry, beans, nuts, and whole grains. Other sources of zinc include fortified foods, such as breakfast cereals, and dietary supplements.

Benefits and Role in Immune Function

Zinc is crucial for the normal functioning of the immune system, as it is involved in the development and function of immune cells, such as white blood cells and T cells. It also helps to reduce inflammation and oxidative stress, which can weaken the immune system.

Zinc deficiency has been linked to impaired immune function and increased susceptibility to infections, especially in children and the elderly. Studies have shown that zinc supplementation can help improve immune function and reduce the risk of infections, such as the common cold.

Recent Research and Findings

Recent research has shown that zinc may have other health benefits beyond immune function. One study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that zinc supplementation may help improve blood sugar control in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Another study published in the Journal of the American Heart Association found that higher dietary zinc intake was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease in women.

However, more research is needed to confirm these findings and determine the optimal intake of zinc for these health benefits.

Symptoms of Deficiency

Zinc deficiency can lead to various health problems, including impaired immune function, delayed wound healing, and growth retardation in children. Other symptoms of zinc deficiency include loss of appetite, hair loss, and changes in taste and smell perception.

Conclusion

Zinc is an essential mineral that is important for immune function and other bodily functions. Consuming a diet rich in zinc from various food sources is essential to maintain optimal health. Further research is needed to confirm the potential health benefits of zinc beyond immune function and determine the optimal intake for these benefits.

REFERENCES

  • National Institutes of Health. Zinc. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Zinc-HealthProfessional/. Accessed May 9, 2023.
  • Jayawardena R, Ranasinghe P, Galappatthy P, et al. Effects of zinc supplementation on diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Nutr. 2012;142(4):764-774.
  • Zhang J, Ding EL, Song Y. Adherence to zinc intake and risk of cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018;7(3):e007497.

Zinc and Men’s health

Zinc is an essential mineral that is important for many bodily functions, including immune function, wound healing, and cell growth and division. It is also important for men’s health, as it plays a role in testosterone production and sperm formation. In this article, we will discuss the role of zinc in men’s health, as well as recent research on its impact.

Role of Zinc in Men’s Health

Zinc is essential for the normal functioning of the male reproductive system. It is involved in the production of testosterone, which is necessary for the development of male sex organs and secondary sexual characteristics, such as facial hair and a deep voice. Zinc is also important for sperm formation and motility, and low levels of zinc have been linked to infertility in men.

Recent Research and Findings

Recent research has shown that zinc supplementation may have a positive impact on men’s health. One study published in the Journal of Nutrition found that zinc supplementation improved sperm quality and motility in men with low sperm count. Another study published in the Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology found that zinc supplementation improved sexual function in men with erectile dysfunction.

Zinc has also been studied for its potential impact on prostate health. One study published in the Journal of the National Cancer Institute found that higher levels of zinc in the prostate gland were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. However, other studies have produced mixed results, and more research is needed to determine the optimal intake of zinc for prostate health.

Sources of Zinc

Zinc is found in various food sources, including oysters, beef, pork, chicken, beans, nuts, and whole grains. It is also available in supplement form, and many multivitamin supplements contain zinc.

Conclusion

Zinc is an essential mineral that plays a vital role in men’s health, including testosterone production, sperm formation, and prostate health. Consuming a diet rich in zinc from various food sources is important to maintain optimal health. Zinc supplementation may also be beneficial for men with low sperm count or erectile dysfunction, but more research is needed to determine the optimal dose and duration of supplementation.

REFERENCES

  • Wong WY, Flik G, Groenen PM, et al. The impact of calcium, magnesium, zinc, and copper in blood and seminal plasma on semen parameters in men. J Androl. 2001;22(6): 126-135.
  • Omu AE, Dashti H, Al-Othman S. Treatment of asthenozoospermia with zinc sulphate: andrological, immunological and obstetric outcome. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1998;79(2):179-184.
  • Prasad AS, Mantzoros CS, Beck FW, et al. Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. Nutrition. 1996;12(5):344-348.
  • Meldrum DR, Gambone JC, Morris MA, et al. A review of plant-derived and herbal approaches to the treatment of sexual dysfunctions. J Sex Marital Ther. 1998;24(3):211-229.

Nutrition during pregnancy and breastfeeding

Sep 6, 2023 | Nutrition and healthy eating

Nutrition during pregnancy and breastfeeding is a crucial aspect of maternal and fetal health. A healthy and balanced diet can provide essential nutrients for the growth and development of the fetus and support the mother’s health during and after pregnancy. Here are some key considerations for proper nutrition during pregnancy and breastfeeding, based on recent research.

During Pregnancy:

Adequate calorie intake: Pregnant women need to consume an additional 300- 500 calories per day to support fetal growth and development. However, the quality of calories is more important than quantity, so focusing on nutrient-dense foods is essential. Sufficient protein intake: Protein is necessary for the development of fetal tissues, including the brain, and can also help prevent complications during pregnancy, such as preeclampsia. The recommended daily intake of protein during pregnancy is around 70-100 grams.

Iron-rich foods: Iron is important for the production of red blood cells, which carry oxygen to the fetus. Pregnant women need more iron than non-pregnant women, and should aim for at least 27 milligrams per day. Iron-rich foods include red meat, poultry, fish, beans, lentils, and fortified cereals.

Folic acid: Folic acid is a B vitamin that helps prevent birth defects in the baby’s brain and spine. It is recommended that pregnant women consume at least 600- 800 micrograms of folic acid per day. Good sources of folic acid include leafy greens, fortified cereals, and beans.

Calcium and vitamin D: Calcium is important for the development of fetal bones and teeth, while vitamin D helps the body absorb calcium. Pregnant women should aim for at least 1,000 milligrams of calcium and 600 international units of vitamin D per day. Good sources of calcium include dairy products, leafy greens, and fortified foods.

During Breastfeeding:

Adequate calorie intake: Breastfeeding requires additional calories to support milk production, with an estimated increase of 450-500 calories per day. However, the quality of calories is still important, and focusing on nutrient-dense foods is recommended.

Sufficient protein intake: Breastfeeding also requires additional protein, as breast milk is high in protein. The recommended daily intake of protein for lactating women is around 71 grams.

Hydration: Breastfeeding can increase the body’s need for fluids, so it’s important to drink enough water and other fluids to prevent dehydration. It is recommended that lactating women consume at least 10 cups of fluids per day. Omega-3 fatty acids:

Omega-3 fatty acids are important for the development of the baby’s brain and eyes. Lactating women should consume at least 200-300 milligrams of omega-3 fatty acids per day, which can be obtained from fatty fish, flaxseed, and chia seeds.

Limit caffeine and alcohol: Caffeine and alcohol can pass into breast milk and affect the baby’s sleep and behavior. It is recommended that lactating women limit caffeine to 200 milligrams per day (about 2 cups of coffee) and avoid alcohol or limit it to an occasional drink.

Recent research has shown that proper nutrition during pregnancy and breastfeeding can have significant benefits for maternal and fetal health. Inadequate nutrition during these periods can lead to complications such as low birth weight, preterm delivery, and maternal health problems. Therefore, it is important to prioritize a healthy and balanced diet during these critical stages of life.

REFERENCES

  • American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2015). Nutrition during pregnancy. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/nutrition-during- pregnancy
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Breastfeeding: Nutrition and healthy eating. https://www.cdc.gov/breastfeeding/breastfeeding-special- circumstances/diet-and-micronutrients/nutrition-during-lactation.html
  • National Institutes of Health. (2021). Nutrition during pregnancy. https://medlineplus.gov/nutritionduringpregnancy.html
  • Thielecke, F., & Mensink, G. B. (2012). The association between dietary pattern and self-reported dietary intake, demographic characteristics and anthropometric measures in adult men and women: a population-based study. British Journal of Nutrition, 108(4), 711-719. doi: 10.1017/S0007114511005835.

Maternal health and pregnancy care

Sep 4, 2023 | Women's Health

Maternal health and pregnancy care are essential for ensuring the health and well- being of both the mother and the baby. In this article, we will discuss the importance of maternal health and pregnancy care, the challenges faced by women during pregnancy, and recent research findings related to this topic.

Importance of Maternal Health and Pregnancy Care

Maternal health and pregnancy care are critical for ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing the risk of complications. Regular prenatal care allows healthcare providers to monitor the mother’s health, identify and manage any potential health problems, and provide appropriate care and support during pregnancy, childbirth, and postpartum.

Maternal health and pregnancy care also play a crucial role in reducing the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as preterm birth, low birth weight, and stillbirth. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 830 women die from pregnancy or childbirth-related complications every day, with the majority of these deaths occurring in low- and middle-income countries.

Challenges Faced by Women during Pregnancy

Pregnancy can be a challenging time for many women, both physically and emotionally. Some of the common challenges faced by women during pregnancy include:

Gestational diabetes – This is a type of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy, which can increase the risk of complications for both the mother and the baby.

Preeclampsia – This is a serious pregnancy complication that is characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs, such as the liver and kidneys.

Depression and anxiety – Pregnancy can be a stressful time, and many women experience symptoms of depression and anxiety during pregnancy.

Recent Research Findings

Recent research has shed light on various aspects of maternal health and pregnancy care. Some of the recent findings related to this topic include:

Prenatal care can reduce the risk of preterm birth – According to a study published in the Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, women who received prenatal care were less likely to deliver preterm compared to those who did not receive prenatal care.

Nutrition during pregnancy can affect the baby’s future health – According to a study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, maternal nutrition during pregnancy can have long-term effects on the baby’s health, including the risk of obesity and chronic diseases in adulthood.

Stress during pregnancy can affect the baby’s brain development – According to a study published in JAMA Pediatrics, maternal stress during pregnancy can have a negative impact on the baby’s brain development, leading to a higher risk of behavioral problems in childhood.

In conclusion, maternal health and pregnancy care are crucial for ensuring a healthy pregnancy and reducing the risk of complications. Women should seek regular prenatal care and discuss any health concerns with their healthcare provider. Recent research has provided valuable insights into various aspects of maternal health and pregnancy care, which can help healthcare providers develop effective strategies to improve maternal and child health outcomes.

REFERENCES

  • World Health Organization. (2019). Maternal health. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/maternal-health#tab=tab_1
  • The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (2021). Prenatal care. Retrieved from https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/prenatal-care
  • Ananth, C. V., Vintzileos, A. M., & Shen-Schwarz, S. (2005). Trends in antenatal care utilization and preterm delivery among singleton births, United States: 1980- 2002. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 27(6), 574-581.
  • Hanson, M. A., & Gluckman, P. D. (2014). Developmental origins of health and disease: new insights. Basic & Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, 115(1), 11-16.
  • Davis, E. P., & Sandman, C. A. (2012). The timing of prenatal exposure to maternal cortisol and psychosocial stress is associated with human infant cognitive development. Child Development, 83(1), 131-149.

Patient-centered care

Sep 3, 2023 | Healthcare policy and reform

Patient-centered care is a fundamental principle that prioritizes the individual needs, preferences, and values of patients in healthcare decision-making and delivery. This approach aims to improve healthcare outcomes, enhance patient satisfaction, and foster collaborative partnerships between patients and healthcare providers. In Nepal, embracing patient-centered care has the potential to transform the healthcare system and ensure the well-being of its population. This article examines the benefits of patient-centered care and provides insights from recent research findings. Furthermore, it suggests strategies for Nepal to adopt and implement patient-centered care in practice.

Benefits of Patient-Centered Care:

Improved Patient Outcomes: Research has demonstrated that patient-centered care leads to better health outcomes, including higher treatment adherence, improved patient safety, and reduced healthcare disparities (1). Engaging patients in their healthcare decisions enhances their understanding, empowers them to actively participate in their care, and promotes better health management.

Enhanced Patient Satisfaction: A patient-centered approach fosters trust, communication, and shared decision-making between patients and healthcare providers. Studies have shown that when patients feel heard, respected, and involved in their care, their satisfaction levels increase significantly (2). Patient satisfaction is not only crucial for individual well-being but also contributes to the overall quality of healthcare services.

Increased Healthcare Efficiency: By involving patients in their care, patient- centered approaches can optimize healthcare resource utilization. When patients actively participate in decision-making, they are more likely to comply with treatment plans, reducing unnecessary tests, treatments, and hospital readmissions. This promotes cost-effectiveness and efficient use of healthcare resources.

Empowered and Informed Patients: Patient-centered care encourages the exchange of information and promotes health literacy. Patients who are well- informed about their condition, treatment options, and self-management techniques are better equipped to make informed decisions and actively participate in their care (3). Empowering patients with knowledge helps them take ownership of their health and promotes long-term health outcomes.

Approaching Patient-Centered Care in Nepal: To bring patient-centered care into practice in Nepal, the following strategies can be implemented:

Cultural Sensitivity: Recognize and respect the diverse cultural beliefs, values, and preferences of patients in Nepal. Tailor healthcare services to align with cultural norms and practices to enhance patient engagement and satisfaction.

Healthcare Provider Training: Offer comprehensive training to healthcare professionals to develop skills in effective communication, empathy, and shared decision-making. This training should focus on building strong patient-provider relationships and fostering patient-centered care competencies.

Health Education and Promotion: Implement health education programs to enhance patient health literacy and empower them to actively participate in their care. Promote community-based initiatives to raise awareness and engage patients in preventive healthcare practices.

Patient Feedback and Engagement: Establish mechanisms for collecting patient feedback and incorporating it into healthcare system improvements. Encourage patient engagement through patient advisory groups, surveys, and open communication channels.

Health Information Technology: Invest in health information technology systems to facilitate seamless communication, access to medical records, and patient engagement. Electronic health records and patient portals can empower patients to actively participate in their care and access their health information.

Conclusion: Embracing a patient-centered approach to healthcare in Nepal can yield significant benefits, including improved patient outcomes, enhanced satisfaction, increased healthcare efficiency, and empowered patients. By prioritizing patient needs, preferences, and values, Nepal can establish a healthcare system that is more responsive, compassionate, and effective.

Through cultural sensitivity, provider training, health education, patient engagement, and health information technology, Nepal can transform its healthcare landscape to focus on patient-centered care and ultimately improve the well-being of its population.

REFERENCES

  • Epstein, R. M., & Street, R. L. (2011). The values and value of patient-centered care. Annals of Family Medicine, 9(2), 100-103. doi: 10.1370/afm.1239
  • Barello, S., et al. (2017). How to engage adolescents in their healthcare: A systematic review of research and practice. BMC Pediatrics, 17(1), 1-16. doi: 10.1186/s12887-017-0835-3
  • Balint, E., et al. (2020). Health literacy, information seeking behavior, and trust in information sources among Nepalese women. Health Communication, 35(5), 580- 588. doi: 10.1080/10410236.2018.1564946
  • Gurung, S., et al. (2020). Patients’; perspectives on patient-centered care in Nepal: Findings from a qualitative study. PLOS ONE, 15(2), e0228954. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228954
  • Shakya, S., et al. (2021). Patient-centered care in low-resource settings: A scoping review. BMC Health Services Research, 21(1), 1-13. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021- 06558-9
  • Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal. (2015). National Health Policy 2014. Retrieved from http://nhp.gov.np/NHP_2014_English_Final_Revision.pdf
  • World Health Organization. (2019). Patient-centred care. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/health-topics/patient-centred-care#tab=tab_1