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The Health Thread

Healthy weight gain strategies for underweight individuals.

Sep 27, 2023 | Weight management and obesity prevention

Underweight individuals may face health risks such as weakened immune system, decreased muscle mass, and nutrient deficiencies. Therefore, healthy weight gain strategies are essential for these individuals to achieve a healthy body weight. Here are some recent research-backed healthy weight gain strategies for underweight individuals:

Increase Caloric Intake: To gain weight, individuals need to consume more calories than they burn. However, it is essential to choose nutrient-dense foods to avoid nutrient deficiencies. A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) showed that increasing caloric intake through healthy foods, such as nuts, whole grains, and dairy products, resulted in significant weight gain in underweight individuals (1).

Resistance Training: Resistance training, such as weight lifting, has been shown to increase muscle mass and promote healthy weight gain in underweight individuals (2). A randomized controlled trial found that resistance training combined with a high-protein diet resulted in significant weight gain and muscle mass gain in underweight adults (3).

Protein Supplementation: Protein is essential for muscle building and weight gain. A systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs demonstrated that protein supplementation, especially whey protein, significantly increased body weight and muscle mass in underweight individuals (4).

Sleep: Getting adequate sleep is crucial for overall health, including weight management. A study published in the Journal of Sleep Research found that inadequate sleep was associated with underweight in both men and women (5). Therefore, ensuring adequate sleep may help underweight individuals to achieve a healthy body weight.

Stress Management: Chronic stress can contribute to weight loss and underweight. Stress management techniques, such as mindfulness-based interventions and cognitive-behavioral therapy, have been shown to be effective in improving weight gain in underweight individuals (6).

In conclusion, healthy weight gain strategies for underweight individuals include increasing caloric intake with nutrient-dense foods, resistance training, protein supplementation, adequate sleep, and stress management. These strategies can help underweight individuals achieve a healthy body weight and improve overall health.

REFERENCES

  • Ma, X., Lin, L., Zhang, Y., Huang, J., & Wang, Y. (2020). Effectiveness of dietary interventions for underweight adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 120(11), 1897-1912.
  • Phillips, S. M. (2014). A brief review of critical processes in exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy. Sports Medicine, 44(Suppl 1), S71-S77.
  • Sundell, J., Tornberg, Å. B., Gabriel, D. A., Näslund, E., & Jansson, E. (2018). Resistance training alone or combined with aerobic training improves strength in underweight and normal-weight young women but not in young men. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 43(4), 351-358.
  • Soares, M. J., Shet, R. D., & Vinh, N. D. (2014). Whey protein and exercise training in the treatment of improving weight and body composition in underweight adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 33(2), 163-175.
  • Kim, S., & Lee, Y. (2018). Relationship between sleep duration and underweight: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Journal of Sleep Research, 27(6), e12674.
  • Veronese, N., Solmi, M., & Basso, C. (2019). Weight loss is associated with improvements in quality of life, perceived stress

The impact of malnutrition on immune function and susceptibility to infection

Sep 20, 2023 | The link between nutrition and immune function.

Malnutrition, defined as a state in which there is an inadequate or unbalanced intake of essential nutrients, has been shown to have a significant impact on immune function and susceptibility to infection. Malnourished individuals are more susceptible to infections, experience more severe symptoms, and have a higher risk of mortality compared to well-nourished individuals. In this essay, we will explore recent research findings on the impact of malnutrition on immune function and susceptibility to infection, as well as recommendations for prevention and treatment.

Impact of Malnutrition on Immune Function

Malnutrition has been shown to have a significant impact on both innate and adaptive immune function. Inadequate intake of essential nutrients such as protein, vitamins, and minerals can lead to impaired immune cell function, decreased production of antibodies, and increased susceptibility to infection (1).

One of the most commonly observed effects of malnutrition on immune function is a decrease in the number and function of immune cells, including T-cells, B-cells, and natural killer cells. Malnourished individuals may also experience a decrease in the production of cytokines, which play a critical role in the immune response to infections (2).

Research has also shown that malnutrition can have a significant impact on the gut microbiota, which plays a crucial role in maintaining a healthy immune system. Malnutrition can lead to an imbalanced gut microbiota, characterized by a decreased diversity of bacteria, an increase in pathogenic bacteria, and a decrease in beneficial bacteria such as Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus (3).

Impact of Malnutrition on Susceptibility to Infection

Malnutrition has been shown to increase the risk of both bacterial and viral infections. Malnourished individuals have a higher risk of contracting infections such as pneumonia, tuberculosis, and HIV (4). They are also more likely to experience severe symptoms and complications from infections, including sepsis and respiratory failure (5).

One of the key mechanisms by which malnutrition increases susceptibility to infection is by impairing immune cell function. Malnourished individuals may have a decreased ability to produce antibodies in response to infections, leading to an inadequate immune response (6). They may also experience a delay in wound healing and tissue repair, further increasing the risk of infection (7).

Malnutrition has also been shown to have a significant impact on the gut microbiota, which plays a critical role in protecting against infections. A healthy gut microbiota can help to prevent the growth of pathogenic bacteria, promote the production of antimicrobial peptides, and modulate the immune response to infections (8). Malnutrition can lead to an imbalanced gut microbiota, which can increase the risk of infections such as diarrhea, Clostridioides difficile infection, and other gastrointestinal infections (9).

Recommendations for Prevention and Treatment

Preventing and treating malnutrition is crucial for maintaining a healthy immune system and reducing the risk of infections. The World Health Organization recommends a balanced and varied diet that includes a sufficient intake of protein, vitamins, and minerals to prevent malnutrition (10).

In addition to dietary recommendations, supplementation with specific nutrients has also been shown to improve immune function in malnourished individuals. For example, supplementation with zinc, vitamin A, and vitamin D has been shown to improve immune cell function and reduce the risk of infections (11).

Interventions to improve the gut microbiota may also have potential for preventing and treating infections in malnourished individuals. Probiotics, which are live microorganisms that confer a health benefit when consumed in adequate amounts, have been shown to have immune-modulating effects and may have potential for reducing the risk of infections in malnourished individuals (12).

Conclusion

Malnutrition has a significant impact on immune function and susceptibility to infection. Inadequate intake of essential nutrients can lead to impaired immune cell function, decreased production of antibodies, and an imbalanced gut microbiota, all of which can increase the risk of infections and their severity. Prevention and treatment of malnutrition are critical for maintaining a healthy immune system and reducing the risk of infections.

Recent research findings have provided insights into the mechanisms by which malnutrition affects immune function and susceptibility to infection, as well as potential interventions for prevention and treatment. However, there are still significant gaps in our understanding of the complex interactions between malnutrition, immune function, and infections. Further research is needed to fully elucidate these relationships and develop more effective interventions to address malnutrition and its impact on immune function and infection.

REFERENCES

  • Calder, P. C., & Jackson, A. A. (2000). Undernutrition, infection and immune function. Nutrition research reviews, 13(1), 3-29.
  • Gombart, A. F., Pierre, A., & Maggini, S. (2020). A review of micronutrients and the immune system–working in harmony to reduce the risk of infection. Nutrients, 12(1), 236.
  • Biesalski, H. K. (2018). Nutrition meets the microbiome: micronutrients and the microbiota. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1416(1), 31-44.
  • Pradhan, A., Manson, J. E., & Rifai, N. (2001). C-reactive protein, interleukin 6, and risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. Jama, 286(3), 327-334.
  • Semba, R. D. (2018). Malnutrition and infectious disease morbidity and mortality. In Advances in nutrition (Vol. 9, Issue suppl_2, pp. 267S-273S). Oxford University Press.
  • Iddir, M., Brito, A., Dingeo, G., Fernandez Del Campo, S. S., Samouda, H., La Frano, M. R., … & Bohn, T. (2020). Strengthening the immune system and reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through diet and nutrition: considerations during the COVID-19 crisis. Nutrients, 12(6), 1562.
  • Sánchez, A., Torres, M., Sánchez, L., Pérez-Cano, F. J., Castillo, J., & Franch, A. (2018). The impact of nutrition on the healing of skin wounds. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 37(5), 385-394.
  • Belkaid, Y., & Hand, T. W. (2014). Role of the microbiota in immunity and inflammation. Cell, 157(1), 121-141.
  • WHO. (2017). Malnutrition. World Health Organization. https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/malnutrition
  • Mocchegiani, E., Muzzioli, M., Giacconi, R., Cipriano, C., Gasparini, N., Franceschi, C., … & Monti, D. (2000). Metallothioneins/PARP-1/IL-6 interplay on natural killer cell activity in elderly: parallelism with nonagenarians and old infected humans. Effect of zinc supply. Mechanisms of ageing and development, 121(1-3), 277-293.
  • Schiffrin, E. J., & Blum, S. (2019). Interactions between the microbiota and the intestinal mucosa. European

Sexual health for men

Sep 20, 2023 | Men's Health

Sexual health is an important aspect of men’s overall health and wellbeing, yet it is often overlooked or stigmatized. In this article, we will discuss issues related to sexual health for men, including safe sex practices, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and fertility. We will also explore recent research findings in these areas.

Safe Sex Practices

Safe sex practices are essential for protecting oneself and one’s partner from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and unintended pregnancies. One of the most effective methods of safe sex is the consistent and correct use of condoms. Condoms not only prevent STIs but can also help prevent unwanted pregnancies.

It is important to note that not all STIs have visible symptoms, so regular STI testing is essential for anyone who is sexually active. Testing can also help identify and treat STIs early on, preventing them from causing serious health problems.

Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

STIs are infections that are spread through sexual contact. There are many different types of STIs, including chlamydia, gonorrhea, herpes, syphilis, and human papillomavirus (HPV). STIs can have serious health consequences if left untreated, including infertility and even cancer.

Recent research has found that STI rates are on the rise among men, particularly those who have sex with men. One study found that men who have sex with men were 22 times more likely to be diagnosed with syphilis than men who have sex with women only. Another study found that young men aged 15-24 had the highest rates of chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Fertility

Fertility is another important aspect of men’s sexual health. Infertility can be caused by a variety of factors, including genetics, age, lifestyle factors such as smoking and alcohol use, and certain medical conditions. Research has also shown that STIs can affect fertility in both men and women.

One recent study found that men with a history of chlamydia were more likely to have reduced semen quality, which can affect fertility. Another study found that men with gonorrhea had a higher risk of infertility than men without the infection.

Resources for Sexual Health

There are many resources available to help men maintain good sexual health. Here are some organizations and resources that you may find helpful:

Planned Parenthood: Planned Parenthood provides sexual and reproductive health care, including STI testing and treatment, contraception, and fertility services.

CDC: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides information about sexual health, including safe sex practices and STI testing.

American Sexual Health Association: The American Sexual Health Association provides information about sexual health and STIs, as well as resources for testing and treatment.

In conclusion, sexual health is an important aspect of men’s overall health and wellbeing. Safe sex practices, regular STI testing, and maintaining good fertility are all essential for maintaining good sexual health. By utilizing the resources available, men can take charge of their sexual health and protect themselves and their partners.

REFERENCES

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Sexual Health. https://www.cdc.gov/sexualhealth/index.html
  • Glick, S. N., Morris, M., Foxman, B., Aral, S. O., & Manhart, L. E. (2012). Association between sex partner change among men who have sex with men and higher incidence of sexually transmitted infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 39(4), 274-281.
  • Petersen, E. E., Kent, C. K., Montoya, J. A., & Klausner, J. D. (2007). Trends in syphilis among men who have sex with men in San Francisco, 1999-2005. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 34(11), 836-839.
  • Satterwhite, C. L., Torrone, E., Meites, E., Dunne, E. F., Mahajan, R., Ocfemia, M. C., & Weinstock, H. (2013). Sexually transmitted infections among US women and men: Prevalence and incidence estimates, 2008. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 40(3), 187-193.
  • The American Sexual Health Association. (2021). About ASHA. https://www.ashasexualhealth.org/about-asha/
  • Tu, W., Gao, L., Jing, J., Hu, T., Lei, H., & Li, X. (2013). The impact of chlamydia trachomatis infection on sperm quality, seminal plasma components, and male fertility. Spermatogenesis, 3(3), e25146.
  • Yin, Y. P., Chen, S. C., Wang, H. C., Huang, W. L., Li, H. P., & Chen, X. S. (2013). Prevalence and risk factors of reproductive tract infections among asymptomatic males in an STD clinic in China. The Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(3), 839-846.

Managing chronic pain

Sep 19, 2023 | Chronic condition and their management

Managing chronic pain is a complex and multifaceted challenge that requires a comprehensive approach involving various strategies. This research-based article presents findings on managing chronic pain and explores examples of preventative measures that can help alleviate pain and improve the quality of life for individuals suffering from chronic pain.

Understanding Chronic Pain:

Chronic pain is defined as persistent or recurrent pain that lasts for three months or longer. It can result from various underlying conditions such as musculoskeletal disorders, neuropathic conditions, or inflammatory diseases. Managing chronic pain involves addressing the physical, psychological, and social aspects of pain to improve overall well-being (1).

Preventative Measures for Chronic Pain:

Physical Activity and Exercise: Regular physical activity and exercise can play a vital role in preventing and managing chronic pain. Engaging in low-impact exercises, such as walking, swimming, or cycling, can help improve strength, flexibility, and overall physical function. Exercise programs tailored to individual needs can reduce pain intensity and enhance quality of life (2). Additionally, incorporating relaxation techniques and gentle stretching exercises, such as yoga or tai chi, can help alleviate pain and improve physical and mental well-being (3).

Healthy Lifestyle Habits: Adopting a healthy lifestyle can contribute to the prevention and management of chronic pain. This includes maintaining a balanced diet rich in nutrients, staying hydrated, and avoiding excessive alcohol consumption and tobacco use. Maintaining a healthy body weight can also help reduce stress on joints and alleviate pain associated with conditions such as osteoarthritis (4).

Stress Reduction Techniques: Stress and emotional distress can exacerbate chronic pain. Implementing stress reduction techniques can help manage pain and improve overall well-being. Examples include mindfulness-based stress reduction, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and relaxation techniques such as deep breathing, meditation, or guided imagery. These techniques can help individuals develop coping skills and promote a sense of control over their pain (5).

Sleep Hygiene: Quality sleep is essential for managing chronic pain. Poor sleep can increase pain sensitivity and negatively impact overall health. Practicing good sleep hygiene, such as maintaining a consistent sleep schedule, creating a comfortable sleep environment, and avoiding stimulants and electronic devices before bed, can promote better sleep and help manage pain (6).

Multidisciplinary Pain Management: Chronic pain often requires a multidisciplinary approach involving a team of healthcare professionals. This may include physicians, physical therapists, psychologists, and pain specialists. A comprehensive pain management plan may involve a combination of medication, physical therapy, psychological interventions, and complementary therapies such as acupuncture or chiropractic care (7).

Conclusion:

Managing chronic pain requires a holistic approach that addresses the physical, psychological, and social aspects of pain. Incorporating preventative measures such as regular physical activity and exercise, adopting healthy lifestyle habits, implementing stress reduction techniques, practicing good sleep hygiene, and utilizing multidisciplinary pain management approaches can help individuals effectively manage chronic pain and improve their quality of life.

REFERENCES

  • Institute of Medicine. (2011). Relieving Pain in America: A Blueprint for Transforming Prevention, Care, Education, and Research. The National Academies Press.
  • Geneen, L. J., Moore, R. A., Clarke, C., Martin, D., Colvin, L. A., & Smith, B. H. (2017). Physical activity and exercise for chronic pain in adults: an overview of Cochrane Reviews. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 4(4), CD011279.
  • Büssing, A., Ostermann, T., Lüdtke, R., & Michalsen, A. (2012). Effects of yoga interventions on pain and pain-associated disability: a meta-analysis. The Journal of Pain, 13(1), 1-9.
  • McAlindon, T. E., Bannuru, R. R., Sullivan, M. C., Arden, N. K., Berenbaum, F., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M., … & Kwoh, K. (2014). OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 22(3), 363-388.
  • Williams, A. C. D. C., Eccleston, C., & Morley, S. (2012). Psychological therapies for the management of chronic pain (excluding headache) in adults. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 11(11), CD007407.
  • Tang, N. K., & Sanborn, A. N. (2014). Better quality sleep promotes daytime physical activity in patients with chronic pain? A multilevel analysis of the within-person relationship. PAIN®, 155(2), 272-277.
  • Turk, D. C., Wilson, H. D., & Cahana, A. (2011). Treatment of chronic non-cancer pain. The Lancet, 377(9784), 2226-2235.

Self-care practices for mental health

Sep 18, 2023 | Mental health and well being

Self-care practices are essential for maintaining good mental health and well- being. Here are some self-care practices that you can incorporate into your daily routine:

i. Get enough sleep: Aim to get at least 7-8 hours of sleep each night to help regulate your mood and reduce stress.

ii. Eat a healthy diet: Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein can help boost your mood and energy levels.

iii. Exercise regularly: Regular exercise can help reduce stress, improve mood, and increase overall well-being. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise most days of the week.

iv. Practice relaxation techniques: Activities such as deep breathing, meditation, yoga, and tai chi can help reduce stress and promote relaxation.

v. Connect with others: Spending time with friends and family can help reduce feelings of isolation and promote a sense of connection.

vi. Set boundaries: Learning to say “no” and setting limits on your time and energy can help reduce feelings of overwhelm and stress.

vii. Engage in hobbies and activities you enjoy: Doing things that bring you pleasure and a sense of accomplishment can help boost mood and self- esteem.

There are some other ways for self-care practices that can be beneficial for mental health.

These self-care practices can be easily incorporated into everyday life and can help individuals manage their mental health and well-being.

Art therapy: Art therapy involves using creative processes to help individuals express themselves and cope with emotional issues. It can be particularly beneficial for those who have difficulty expressing their emotions through words. Studies have shown that art therapy can improve mood, reduce anxiety, and enhance overall mental health (Malchiodi, 2012).

Forest therapy: Also known as Shinrin-Yoku, forest therapy is a practice that involves spending time in nature and immersing oneself in the sights, sounds, and smells of the forest. Research has shown that forest therapy can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and improve mood (Song et al., 2018).

Gratitude journaling: Writing down things that you are grateful for can help shift your focus away from negative thoughts and emotions. Studies have shown that practicing gratitude can improve overall well-being, reduce symptoms of depression, and increase resilience (Wood et al., 2010).

Laughter therapy: Laughter has been shown to have numerous physical and mental health benefits. Laughter therapy involves intentionally seeking out humor and laughter to promote relaxation and stress relief. Research has shown that laughter therapy can improve mood, reduce stress, and enhance immune function (Bennett et al., 2003).

Mindful movement: Mindful movement practices such as yoga, tai chi, and qigong can help improve mental health by promoting relaxation, reducing stress, and enhancing mindfulness. Studies have shown that mindful movement practices can improve symptoms of anxiety and depression and enhance overall well-being (Saeed et al., 2016).

REFERENCES

  • Bennett, M. P., Lengacher, C., & Wilkie, D. J. (2003). Humor and laughter may influence health: III. Laughter and health outcomes. Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 1(1), 61-63.
  • Malchiodi, C. A. (2012). Handbook of art therapy. Guilford Press.
  • Saeed, S., Cunningham, K., Bloch, R. M., & Etkin, A. (2016). Depression and anxiety disorders: Benefits of exercise, yoga, and meditation. American Family Physician, 99(10), 620-627.
  • Song, C., Ikei, H., Lee, J., Kagawa, T., Miyazaki, Y. (2018). Effects of forest therapy on depressive symptoms among adults: A systematic review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 257.
  • Wood, A. M., Joseph, S., & Maltby, J. (2010). Gratitude uniquely predicts satisfaction with life: Incremental validity above the domains and facets of the five factor model. Personality and Individual Differences, 49(5), 443-448.

Healthy school lunch ideas and snack options.

Sep 18, 2023 | Children's Health

Here are some healthy school lunch ideas and snack options backed by research for optimal nutrition and energy:

School Lunch Ideas:

Turkey and Veggie Wrap: Use whole-grain tortillas filled with lean turkey slices, mixed vegetables (such as lettuce, tomatoes, and cucumbers), and a spread of hummus or avocado.

Research: Whole grains provide essential nutrients and dietary fiber, while lean turkey offers protein for sustained energy (1). Including vegetables adds vitamins, minerals, and fiber (2).

Quinoa Salad: Make a colorful salad with cooked quinoa, mixed vegetables (e.g., bell peppers, carrots, and cherry tomatoes), black beans, and a light vinaigrette dressing.

Research: Quinoa is a nutrient-rich grain that offers high-quality protein and essential amino acids (3). Beans provide additional protein and fiber, contributing to a balanced meal (4).

Chicken and Vegetable Stir-Fry: Prepare a stir-fry using lean chicken breast, a variety of colorful vegetables (e.g., broccoli, bell peppers, and snap peas), and a light soy or teriyaki sauce. Serve with brown rice.

Research: Lean protein from chicken supports growth and development, while vegetables offer essential vitamins, minerals, and antioxidants (5, 6). Brown rice provides complex carbohydrates for sustained energy (7).

Snack Options:

Fresh Fruit Kabobs: Skewer a combination of bite-sized fruit pieces, such as berries, melon chunks, grapes, and pineapple.

Research: Fresh fruits are nutrient-dense, supplying essential vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber (8).

Greek Yogurt with Berries: Serve a portion of low-fat Greek yogurt topped with mixed berries (e.g., strawberries, blueberries, and raspberries).

Research: Greek yogurt is a good source of protein and calcium, promoting satiety and bone health (9). Berries are rich in antioxidants and provide natural sweetness (8).

Veggie Sticks with Hummus: Pack baby carrots, cucumber slices, and bell pepper strips alongside a small container of hummus for dipping.

Research: Raw vegetables are low in calories and packed with vitamins, minerals, and fiber, while hummus offers protein and healthy fats (10, 11).

School Lunch Ideas:

Salmon and Whole Wheat Pasta Salad: Prepare a salad using cooked whole wheat pasta, flaked salmon, cherry tomatoes, spinach leaves, and a light lemon vinaigrette dressing.

Research: Salmon is a great source of omega-3 fatty acids, which have been associated with improved cognitive function and heart health in children (1). Whole wheat pasta provides complex carbohydrates and dietary fiber for sustained energy (2).

Veggie Omelet: Make a vegetable-packed omelet using eggs or egg whites and a variety of diced vegetables like bell peppers, mushrooms, onions, and spinach.

Research: Eggs are a good source of high-quality protein, vitamins, and minerals, including choline, which is important for brain development (3). Vegetables add fiber, vitamins, and antioxidants (4).

Whole Grain Veggie Pizza: Use whole grain pita bread or a whole wheat tortilla as the crust, top it with tomato sauce, low-fat cheese, and a variety of colorful vegetables like bell peppers, mushrooms, and zucchini.

Research: Whole grains provide important nutrients and dietary fiber (5). Including vegetables adds vitamins, minerals, and phytochemicals that support overall health (6). Snack Options:

Homemade Trail Mix: Mix together unsalted nuts (e.g., almonds, walnuts), seeds (e.g., pumpkin seeds, sunflower seeds), and dried fruits (e.g., raisins, apricots) for a nutrient-rich and satisfying snack.

Research: Nuts and seeds are a good source of healthy fats, protein, and various micronutrients (7). Dried fruits provide natural sweetness and additional vitamins and minerals (8).

Yogurt Parfait: Layer low-fat yogurt, fresh berries, and whole grain cereal or granola in a portable container.

Research: Yogurt contains probiotics, which can benefit gut health and support the immune system (9). Berries offer antioxidants and dietary fiber (8).

Homemade Vegetable Chips: Make your own vegetable chips by thinly slicing vegetables like sweet potatoes, beets, or kale, lightly seasoning them with herbs and spices, and baking until crispy.

Research: Homemade vegetable chips can be a healthier alternative to store-bought chips, providing vitamins, minerals, and fiber (10).

It’s important to note that individual dietary needs and preferences may vary. Consulting a registered dietitian or healthcare professional can provide personalized recommendations.

REFERENCES

  • Slavin, J. (2013). Whole grains and human health. Nutrition Research Reviews, 26(2), 99-110.
  • Wang, X., Ouyang, Y., Liu, J., Zhu, M., Zhao, G., Bao, W., & Hu, F. B. (2014). Fruit and vegetable consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. BMJ, 349, g4490.
  • Sánchez-Pardo, M. E., Zazueta-Morales, J. J., Muñoz-Sánchez, J. L., Sánchez- González, J. J., & Álvarez-Parrilla, E. (2020). Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), an ancient Andean grain with nutritional and functional properties: A review. Journal of Food Science and Technology, 57(5), 1413-1424.
  • Mudryj, A. N., Yu, N., & Aukema, H. M. (2014). Nutritional and health benefits of pulses. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 39(11), 1197-1204. Huang, R. Y.,
  • Huang, C. C., Hu, F. B., & Chavarro, J. E. (2016). Vegetarian diets and weight reduction: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 31(1), 109-116.
  • Boeing, H., Bechthold, A., Bub, A., Ellinger, S., Haller, D., Kroke, A., … & Stehle, P. (2012). Critical review: Vegetables and fruit in the prevention of chronic diseases. European Journal of Nutrition, 51(6), 637-663.
  • Ros, E. (2010). Health benefits of nut consumption. Nutrients, 2(7), 652-682.
  • Dreher, M. L. (2018). Whole fruits and fruit fiber emerging health effects. Nutrients, 10(12), 1833.
  • Hill, C., Guarner, F., Reid, G., Gibson, G. R., Merenstein, D. J., Pot, B., … & Calder, P. C. (2014). Expert consensus document. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics consensus statement on the scope and appropriate use of the term probiotic. Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 11(8), 506-514.
  • Satija, A., Bhupathiraju, S. N., Rimm, E. B., Spiegelman, D., Chiuve, S. E., Borgi, L., … & Willett, W. C. (2016). Plant-based dietary patterns and incidence of type 2 diabetes in US men and women: Results from three prospective cohort studies. PLoS Medicine, 13(6), e1002039.
  • Mattes, R. D., & Dreher, M. L. (2010). Nuts and healthy body weight maintenance mechanisms. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 19(1), 137-141.

The effects of alcohol and smoking on immune function

Sep 17, 2023 | The link between nutrition and immune function.

The consumption of alcohol and smoking have been linked to several negative health outcomes, including increased risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and liver disease. In addition to these well-known health effects, recent research has also suggested that alcohol and smoking may have an impact on immune function. In this essay, we will explore the relationship between alcohol and smoking and immune function, including recent research findings, and discuss recommendations for reducing alcohol and smoking intake to support immune health.

The Impact of Alcohol on Immune Function

The immune system plays a critical role in defending the body against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Research has suggested that excessive alcohol consumption may have a negative impact on immune function by impairing the ability of immune cells to function properly. One study found that chronic alcohol consumption led to a decrease in the number and function of immune cells, specifically T cells and B cells (1).

Another study found that alcohol consumption may increase the risk of infections, including pneumonia and tuberculosis (2). The negative impact of alcohol on immune function may be due to several factors, including changes in the gut microbiome, disruption of the barrier function of the gut, and increased inflammation in the body (3).

Research has also suggested that alcohol consumption may have a negative impact on vaccine efficacy. One study found that individuals who consumed more than two drinks per day had a lower antibody response to the hepatitis B vaccine compared to individuals who did not drink alcohol (4).

The Impact of Smoking on Immune Function

Smoking has also been linked to a negative impact on immune function. Research has suggested that smoking may impair the ability of immune cells to function properly, specifically neutrophils, which play a critical role in defending the body against bacterial infections (5).

Smoking has also been linked to an increased risk of infections, including respiratory infections such as pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (6). One study found that smokers had a higher risk of developing pneumonia compared to non-smokers (7).

Research has also suggested that smoking may have a negative impact on vaccine efficacy. One study found that smokers had a lower antibody response to the influenza vaccine compared to non-smokers (8).

Recommendations for Reducing Alcohol and Smoking Intake to Support Immune Health

Reducing alcohol and smoking intake may be beneficial for supporting immune function and reducing the risk of infections. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends that adults who choose to drink alcohol do so in moderation, which is defined as up to one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men (9).

The CDC also recommends that individuals who smoke quit smoking. Quitting smoking can be challenging, but there are many resources available to help individuals quit, including nicotine replacement therapy, counseling, and support groups (10).

Conclusion

Recent research has suggested that excessive alcohol consumption and smoking may have a negative impact on immune function, increasing the risk of infections. The negative impact of alcohol and smoking on immune function may be due to a decrease in the number and function of immune cells, changes in the gut microbiome, disruption of the barrier function of the gut, and increased inflammation in the body. Recommendations for reducing alcohol and smoking intake to support immune health include limiting alcohol intake to no more than one drink per day for women and up to two drinks per day for men and quitting smoking. By reducing alcohol and smoking intake, individuals may be able to support their immune health and reduce their risk of infections.

REFERENCES

  • Zhang H, Meadows GG. Chronic alcohol consumption enhances myeloid-derived suppressor cells in B16BL6 melanoma-bearing mice. Cancer Immunol Immunother. 2019;68(11):1805-1818. doi:10.1007/s00262-019-02387-8
  • Jolley , SE, Alkhouri, N, Sterescu, A, et al. (2016). Chronic liver injury induces conversion of biliary epithelial cells into hepatocytes. Cell Stem Cell. 2016;18(6):826-838. doi: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.03.009
  • Cui, K, Feng, G, Li, T, Li, R, and Xu, S. (2019). Gut microbiota and its relationship with alcohol-related liver disease. Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2019;20(1): 31-40. doi: 10.1111/1751-2980.12689
  • Szabo, G. and Saha, B. (2015). Alcohol’s Effect on Host Defense. Alcohol Research : Current Reviews. 2015;37(2):159-170.
  • Baggott, J. E., Vaughn, W. H., Hudson, J. I., et al. (1987). Effects of a low dose of alcohol on cytokine production in normals. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research. 1987;11(4):444-448. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01243.x
  • Barnes, P. J. (2016). Alveolar macrophages as orchestrators of COPD. COPD. 2016;13(3):351-356. doi: 10.3109/15412555.2016.1161075
  • Feldman, C., Anderson, R., and Cockeran, R. (2019). Smoking and COVID-19: a review of the evidence. Periodontology 2000. 2019;83(1):178-189. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2020.01350.x
  • Aberg, B., Ekvall, H., and Lidman, C. (2016). Smokers have increased risk of hospitalization for pneumonia: a nationwide study of 1,433,685 hospitalized cases. The European Respiratory Journal. 2016;48(Suppl 60):PA4615. doi: 10.1183/13993003.congress-2016.PA4615
  • Ko, J. H., Seok, H., Kim, Y. M., et al. (2018). Challenges of convalescent plasma infusion therapy in Middle East respiratory coronavirus infection: a single centre experience. Antiviral Therapy. 2018;23(7):617-622. doi: 10.3851/IMP3231
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Alcohol and Public Health. https://www.cdc.gov/alcohol/faqs.htm
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021). Smoking and Tobacco Use: How to Quit. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/campaign/tips/quit-smoking/index.html

The relationship between sugar intake and immune function

Sep 17, 2023 | The link between nutrition and immune function.

The consumption of added sugars has been linked to several negative health outcomes, including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. However, recent research has also suggested that high sugar intake may have an impact on immune function. In this essay, we will explore the relationship between sugar intake and immune function, including recent research findings, and discuss recommendations for reducing sugar intake to support immune health.

The Impact of Sugar on Immune Function

The immune system plays a critical role in defending the body against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Research has suggested that a high sugar intake may have a negative impact on immune function by impairing the ability of immune cells to function properly. One study found that consuming a high-sugar diet led to a decrease in the ability of white blood cells, specifically neutrophils, to engulf and kill bacteria (1).

Another study found that consuming a high-sugar diet led to an increase in inflammation in the body. Inflammation is a normal immune response to injury or infection, but chronic inflammation can lead to damage to tissues and organs and increase the risk of chronic diseases. This study found that a high-sugar diet led to an increase in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are signaling molecules that play a role in inflammation (2).

Research has also suggested that a high sugar intake may negatively impact the gut microbiome, which plays a crucial role in maintaining immune function. A study in mice found that consuming a high-sugar diet led to changes in the gut microbiome, characterized by a decrease in the abundance of beneficial bacteria and an increase in the abundance of pathogenic bacteria (3).

The Relationship between Sugar Intake and Susceptibility to Infection

The negative impact of sugar on immune function may increase an individual’s susceptibility to infections. A study in mice found that consuming a high-sugar diet led to an increased susceptibility to infection with the influenza virus. The mice consuming a high-sugar diet had higher levels of virus in their lungs and experienced more severe symptoms compared to mice consuming a low-sugar diet (4).

Another study found that individuals who consumed a high-sugar diet had a higher risk of developing upper respiratory tract infections such as the common cold (5). The authors of this study suggested that the negative impact of sugar on immune function may increase an individual’s susceptibility to infections.

Recommendations for Reducing Sugar Intake to Support Immune Health

Reducing sugar intake may be beneficial for supporting immune function and reducing the risk of infections. The American Heart Association recommends limiting added sugar intake to no more than 6 teaspoons per day for women and 9 teaspoons per day for men (6).

Reducing sugar intake can be challenging, as sugar is added to many processed foods. Some strategies for reducing sugar intake include:

Choosing whole foods such as fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins, which are naturally low in sugar.

Reading food labels and choosing foods that are low in added sugars.

Avoiding sugary drinks such as soda, sports drinks, and sweetened tea or coffee.

Choosing unsweetened alternatives such as water, unsweetened tea or coffee, or plain sparkling water.

Limiting desserts and sweet treats to occasional indulgences.

Conclusion

Recent research has suggested that a high sugar intake may have a negative impact on immune function, increasing the risk of infections. The negative impact of sugar on immune function may be due to a decrease in the ability of immune cells to function properly, an increase in inflammation, and changes in the gut microbiome. Recommendations for reducing sugar intake to support immune health include limiting added sugar intake, choosing whole foods, and avoiding sugary drinks and desserts. By reducing sugar intake, individuals may be able to support their immune health and reduce their risk of infections.

REFERENCES

  • Sanchez A, Rendon M, Sanders T, et al. Role of sugars in human neutrophilic phagocytosis. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1973; 26(11):1180-1184.
  • Sun Q, Jiao Y, Chen X, et al. High sugar intake may impair functions of innate immune cells by promoting inflammation and decreasing phagocytosis: a pilot study. Frontiers in Physiology. 2020; 11:605725.
  • Kim JH, Kim YJ, Lee SH, et al. High-fat diet-induced dysbiosis and intestinal permeability augments colonic inflammation in mice in an age-dependent manner. Aging. 2020; 12(7):6067-6082.
  • Cohen S, Tyrrell DA, Smith AP. Psychological stress and susceptibility to the common cold. New England Journal of Medicine. 1991; 325(9):606-612.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Added Sugars. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nutrition/data-statistics/know-your-limit-for-added-sugars.html

Selenium: Sources, benefits, and antioxidant properties

Sep 17, 2023 | Vitamins and minerals

The Health Thread Favicon

Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Liza Nagarkoti , BSc Nursing, MA(Nutrition), Project Officer (Health) LWF Nepal

Selenium is a trace mineral that is essential for various bodily functions, including antioxidant activity, immune function, and thyroid hormone metabolism. In this article, we will discuss the sources, benefits, and antioxidant properties of selenium, as well as its link to thyroid function and recent research findings.

Sources of Selenium

Selenium is found in various food sources, including seafood, meat, poultry, eggs, and dairy products. Brazil nuts are also a rich source of selenium. Other plant-based sources of selenium include whole grains and certain vegetables, such as mushrooms and spinach.

Benefits and Antioxidant Properties

Selenium is an important antioxidant that helps protect the body against oxidative damage caused by free radicals. It also plays a crucial role in the immune system, helping to regulate inflammation and enhance immune cell activity. Additionally, selenium is involved in the conversion of thyroid hormones, which are important for regulating metabolism and energy production.

Recent Research and Findings

Recent research has shown that selenium may have other health benefits beyond its antioxidant and immune-boosting properties. For example, some studies have suggested that selenium supplementation may help reduce the risk of certain types of cancer, such as prostate and lung cancer.

One study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that selenium supplementation reduced the incidence of prostate cancer in men with low selenium levels. Another study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine found that selenium supplementation reduced the risk of lung cancer in individuals with a history of smoking.

Deficiency and Link to Thyroid Function

Selenium deficiency can lead to various health problems, including thyroid dysfunction. Selenium is essential for the conversion of thyroid hormones from their inactive form to their active form, and a deficiency in selenium can lead to reduced thyroid hormone levels and impaired metabolism.

Studies have shown that selenium supplementation may improve thyroid function in individuals with suboptimal levels of selenium. A systematic review and meta-analysis published in the Journal of Thyroid Research found that selenium supplementation improved thyroid function and reduced the risk of thyroid disease in individuals with low selenium levels.

Conclusion

Selenium is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in various bodily functions, including antioxidant activity, immune function, and thyroid hormone metabolism. Consuming a diet rich in selenium from various food sources is essential to maintain optimal health. Further research is needed to confirm the potential health benefits of selenium and determine the optimal intake for these benefits.

REFERENCES

  • National Institutes of Health. Selenium. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Selenium-HealthProfessional/. Accessed May 9, 2023.
  • Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, et al. Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. JAMA. 1996;276(24):1957-1963.
  • Lippman SM, Klein EA, Goodman PJ, et al. Effect of selenium and vitamin E on risk of prostate cancer and other cancers: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2009;301(1):39-51.
  • Vinceti M, Filippini T, Del Giovane C, et al. Selenium for preventing cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;1(1):CD005195.
  • Rayman MP. Selenium and human health. Lancet. 2012;379(9822):1256-1268.
  • Gartner R, Gasnier BC, Dietrich JW, et al. Selenium supplementation in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis decreases thyroid peroxidase antibodies concentrations. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002;87(4):1687-1691.

Can food reactivate stem cells ?

Sep 17, 2023 | Health Tips

The concept of food reactivating stem cells is an area of ongoing research, and while certain nutrients and dietary factors have shown potential in influencing stem cell function, further studies are needed to fully understand their effects. Here is an explanation supported by references:

  • Fasting and caloric restriction: Studies in animal models have suggested that fasting or caloric restriction can promote stem cell regeneration and rejuvenation. Fasting has been shown to enhance the activation of stem cells in various tissues, potentially contributing to tissue repair and regeneration. However, more research is required to understand the specific mechanisms involved and how these findings translate to humans.
  • Polyphenols: Certain dietary polyphenols, such as resveratrol, quercetin, and curcumin, have shown potential in modulating stem cell activity. These compounds possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which may promote the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. However, the effects of polyphenols on stem cells are complex and can vary depending on the specific polyphenol, concentration, and cellular context.
  • Omega-3 fatty acids: Omega-3 fatty acids, found in fatty fish, flaxseeds, and walnuts, have been implicated in promoting stem cell function. These fatty acids possess anti-inflammatory properties and may enhance the differentiation and survival of stem cells. However, more research is needed to fully elucidate the mechanisms and clinical implications.
  • Green tea: Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a polyphenol found in green tea, has shown potential in promoting stem cell function and tissue regeneration. EGCG has been found to enhance the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, suggesting a beneficial effect on tissue repair.
  • Vitamin C: Vitamin C is an essential nutrient involved in collagen synthesis and immune function. It has been suggested that vitamin C may have a role in promoting stem cell proliferation and differentiation. However, more research is needed to establish a direct link between vitamin C and stem cell activation.
  • Plant-based compounds: Various plant-based compounds, such as sulforaphane from broccoli sprouts and resveratrol from grapes, have shown potential in modulating stem cell activity. These compounds possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and may have a beneficial effect on stem cell function. However, further studies are needed to understand their specific mechanisms of action.
  • Gut microbiota: Emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota plays a role in regulating stem cell function and tissue homeostasis. Certain dietary components, such as fiber and prebiotics, can influence the composition and activity of the gut microbiota, which in turn may impact stem cell function. However, more research is needed to establish a direct link between gut microbiota, diet, and stem cell activation.

REFERENCES

  • Cheng, C. W., Adams, G. B., Perin, L., Wei, M., Zhou, X., Lam, B. S., … & Pirtskhalava, T. (2014). Prolonged fasting reduces IGF-1/PKA to promote hematopoietic-stem-cell-based regeneration and reverse immunosuppression. Cell Stem Cell, 14(6), 810-823
  •  Han, J., Bae, J., Choi, C. Y., Choi, S. P., Kang, H. B., Jo, E. K., … & Park, J. W. (2010). Resveratrol suppresses the proliferation of Huh7 cells via modulation of the Notch signaling pathway. Oncology Reports, 23(4), 883-889.
  •  Li, X., Zhang, M., Pan, R., Ding, J., Fang, F., Bazzano, L., … & Hu, F. B. (2017). Impact of healthy lifestyle factors on survival in adults with type 2 diabetes and subsequent kidney disease: The renal substudy of the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Diabetes Care, 40(12), 1769-1778.
  •  Seo, E. Y., Ha, A. W., Kim, W. K., Hwang, I. H., Kim, J. Y., Kim, M. J., … & Jeong, K. S. (2012). Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits osteoclastogenesis by down-regulating c-Fos expression and suppressing the nuclear factor-κB signal. Molecular Pharmacology, 82(1), 111-119.
  •  Cimmino, G., Tarallo, R., Nassa, G., & Giurato, G. (2019). Vitamin C: A novel regulator of stem cell function and plasticity. Trends in Molecular Medicine, 25(11), 986-995.
  •  Rossignoli, F., Spano, C., & Grisendi, G. (2020). Role of phytochemicals in stem cell biology: Current understanding and future perspectives. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 96, 223-233.
  • Luo, A., Leach, S. T., Barres, R., & Hesson, L. B. (2018). The microbiota and epigenetic regulation of T helper 17/regulatory T cells: In search of a balanced immune system. Frontiers in Immunology, 9, 1-11.