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Iron: Sources, benefits, and role in oxygen transport

Nov 10, 2023 | Vitamins and minerals

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Liza Nagarkoti , BSc Nursing, MA(Nutrition), Project Officer (Health) LWF Nepal

Iron is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, including the transport of oxygen in the blood. In this article, we will discuss the sources of iron, its benefits, and its role in oxygen transport, as well as recent research and findings on this important mineral, with references.

Sources of Iron

Iron is found in a variety of foods, both animal and plant-based. Here are some sources of iron:

Red meat, poultry, and fish

Beans, lentils, and peas

Tofu and tempeh

Nuts and seeds

Fortified cereals and bread

Dark leafy green vegetables, such as spinach and kale

Benefits of Iron

Iron is essential for many bodily functions, including:

Oxygen transport: Iron is a component of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body. Without enough iron, the body cannot produce enough hemoglobin, leading to anemia.

Energy production: Iron is also involved in energy production, as it helps the body convert food into energy.

Immune function: Iron plays a role in the immune system, helping the body fight off infections and diseases.

Role of Iron in Oxygen Transport

Iron’s role in oxygen transport is perhaps its most well-known function. Hemoglobin, the protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen, is made up of four protein chains, each of which contains a heme group. The heme group contains iron, which binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it in the tissues.

Recent Research and Findings

Recent research has shed new light on iron and its role in the body. Here are some recent findings:

Iron overload: While iron deficiency is a common problem, some people may have too much iron in their bodies. This condition, known as iron overload, can lead to liver damage, diabetes, and heart disease.

Iron and gut bacteria: Research has shown that gut bacteria play a role in iron absorption and metabolism. Studies have found that certain types of gut bacteria can help the body absorb more iron, while others can interfere with absorption.

Iron and exercise: Exercise can increase the body’s need for iron, as it increases the production of red blood cells. Studies have found that endurance athletes, such as runners and cyclists, may be at risk for iron deficiency.

Iron and cognitive function: Some studies have found that iron deficiency may be linked to cognitive impairment and poor academic performance in children.

Conclusion

Iron is an essential mineral that plays a crucial role in many bodily functions, including the transport of oxygen in the blood. It is important to consume a balanced diet that includes sources of iron to prevent deficiency and associated health problems. Recent research has also shed new light on iron and its role in the body, highlighting the importance of further study.

REFERENCES

  • National Institutes of Health. Iron. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/Iron-HealthProfessional/. Accessed May 9, 2023.
  • Heath AL, Fairweather-Tait SJ. Clinical implications of changes in the modern diet: iron intake, absorption and status. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2002;15(2):225-241.
  • Jáuregui-Lobera I. Iron deficiency and cognitive functions. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2014;10:2087-2095.
  • Kraml P, Štěpánková R, Černý J, et al. The gut microbiota influences blood iron status in humans. Gut Microbes. 2020;11(1):75-86.

 Children and iron deficiency

Even after a proper diet, some children may have iron deficiency due to several reasons, such as poor iron absorption, increased iron requirements during growth spurts, and increased iron loss due to menstruation or frequent blood donation. Additionally, certain medical conditions such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, or chronic kidney disease can also cause iron deficiency in children.

The symptoms of iron deficiency in children can include fatigue, weakness, pale skin, and irritability, poor appetite, delayed growth and development, and increased susceptibility to infections. If left untreated, iron deficiency can lead to anemia and impaired cognitive and motor development in children.

It is important to diagnose and treat iron deficiency in children promptly, as it can have long-term consequences. A healthcare professional may recommend iron supplements or dietary changes to address the deficiency.

REFERENCES

  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Iron deficiency – United States, 1999-2000. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51(40):897-899.
  • Kotecha PV. Nutritional anemia in young children with focus on Asia and India. Indian J Community Med. 2011;36(1):8-16.
  • World Health Organization. Iron Deficiency Anaemia: Assessment, Prevention, and Control. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.

The role of exercise and nutrition in mental health

Nov 9, 2023 | Mental health and well being

The role of exercise and nutrition in mental health has become an increasingly popular topic of research in recent years. Studies have shown that regular exercise and a balanced diet can have significant positive effects on mental health.

Exercise has been shown to have both immediate and long-term benefits for mental health. Short-term effects of exercise include increased endorphin release, which can help to reduce stress and improve mood. In the long term, regular exercise has been linked to a reduced risk of developing anxiety and depression.

In addition to exercise, proper nutrition is also crucial for maintaining good mental health. A balanced diet that includes essential nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, B vitamins, and vitamin D has been linked to a reduced risk of depression and anxiety. Conversely, a diet that is high in processed foods and sugar has been linked to an increased risk of depression and anxiety.

Recent research has also highlighted the role of gut health in mental health. The gut-brain axis is a bidirectional communication pathway between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system, and research has shown that gut microbiota can have a significant impact on mental health.

In a study published in the Journal of Psychiatric Research, researchers found that individuals who consumed a probiotic supplement containing Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium had reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety compared to those who received a placebo. Another study published in the journal Nutrients found that a diet that promotes a healthy gut microbiota is associated with reduced symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Overall, the role of exercise and nutrition in mental health is an important area of research that continues to gain attention. By prioritizing physical activity, consuming a balanced diet, and promoting gut health, individuals can take steps to improve their mental health and well-being.

REFERENCES

  • Mikkelsen, K., Stojanovska, L., Prakash, M., Apostolopoulos, V. (2017). The effects of vitamin B on the immune/cytokine network and their involvement in depression. Maturitas, 96, 58-71. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2016.11.005
  • Opie, R. S., O’Neil, A., Itsiopoulos, C., Jacka, F. N. (2018). The impact of whole-of- diet interventions on depression and anxiety: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Public Health Nutrition, 21(15), 2781-2791. doi: 10.1017/S1368980018001386
  • Wallace, C. J. K., Milev, R. (2017). The effects of probiotics on depressive symptoms in humans: A systematic review. Annals of General Psychiatry, 16, 14. doi: 10.1186/s12991-017-0138-2
  • Wong, M. L., Inserra, A., Lewis, M. D., Mastronardi, C. A., Leong, L., Choo, J., Kentish, S. J., Wesselingh, S. L., Rogers, G. B., Licinio, J. (2016). Inflammasome signaling affects anxiety- and depressive-like behavior and gut microbiome composition. Molecular Psychiatry, 21(6), 797-805. doi: 10.1038/mp.2016.46

Health equity and social justice movements

Nov 5, 2023 | Health disparities and equity

Research findings on health equity and social justice movements highlight the importance of addressing structural and systemic factors that contribute to health disparities and inequities. These movements advocate for fair and just distribution of healthcare resources, policies, and practices to ensure that everyone has an equal opportunity to achieve optimal health outcomes. Here are some research findings and references related to health equity and social justice movements:

Social Determinants of Health and Health Inequities: Research has consistently demonstrated the impact of social determinants of health on health inequities. Factors such as income, education, employment, housing, and access to healthcare significantly influence health outcomes. Studies have shown that addressing these social determinants is crucial for achieving health equity (Braveman et al., 2017; Marmot, 2020; Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, 2021).

Health Disparities and Racial/Ethnic Inequities: Research has highlighted the existence of health disparities and racial/ethnic inequities in healthcare. Studies have shown that racial and ethnic minorities often experience poorer health outcomes, reduced access to healthcare services, and disparities in healthcare quality and outcomes compared to white populations (Williams & Sternthal, 2010; Smedley et al., 2012; Artiga et al., 2020).

Intersectionality and Health Inequities: The concept of intersectionality emphasizes the interconnected nature of social identities and how they intersect to shape health experiences and outcomes. Research has highlighted how multiple forms of discrimination and marginalization based on race, gender, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, and other social identities contribute to health inequities (Hankivsky, 2014; Bauer & Scheim, 2019; Bowleg, 2020).

Community Engagement and Participatory Approaches: Research has shown that engaging communities and involving them in decision-making processes can lead to more effective and equitable health interventions. Participatory approaches, community-based research, and community-led initiatives have demonstrated positive impacts on health outcomes, particularly in marginalized communities (Israel et al., 2018; Viswanathan et al., 2019; Wallerstein et al., 2020).

Policy and Advocacy for Health Equity: Research has emphasized the importance of policy and advocacy efforts in promoting health equity. Studies have shown that policy changes, such as expanding healthcare coverage, implementing antidiscrimination laws, and investing in social determinants of health, can contribute to reducing health inequities (Williams et al., 2008; Gottlieb et al., 2020; Lantz et al., 2020).

Health Equity and Economic Benefits: Research has indicated that achieving health equity can have economic benefits for individuals, communities, and societies as a whole. Studies have shown that reducing health disparities and promoting health equity can lead to improved productivity, reduced healthcare costs, and stronger economies (Bleich et al., 2012; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2017; Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2021).

Impacts of COVID-19 on Health Equity: The COVID-19 pandemic has further highlighted the existing health disparities and inequities. Research has demonstrated that marginalized communities, including racial and ethnic minorities, low-income populations, and essential workers, have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic in terms of infection rates, hospitalizations, and deaths (Yancy, 2020; Laurencin & McClinton, 2020; Tai et al., 2021).

REFERENCES

  • Braveman, P., Egerter, S., & Williams, D. R. (2017). The social determinants of health: Coming of age. Annual Review of Public Health, 38, 1-19.
  • Marmot, M. (2020). Health equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 years on. BMJ, 368, m693.
  • Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. (2021). Social determinants of health. Retrieved from https://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topicsobjectives/topic/social-determinants-of-health
  • Williams, D. R., & Sternthal, M. (2010). Understanding racial-ethnic disparities in health: Sociological contributions. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 51(Suppl), S15-S27.
  • Smedley, B. D., Stith, A. Y., & Nelson, A. R. (Eds.). (2012). Unequal treatment: Confronting racial and ethnic disparities in healthcare. National Academies Press.
  • Artiga, S., Orgera, K., & Pham, O. (2020). Disparities in health and health care: Five key questions and answers. Kaiser Family Foundation. Retrieved from https://www.kff.org/racial-equity-and-health-policy/issue-brief/disparities-inhealth-and-health-care-five-key-questions-and-answers/
  • Hankivsky, O. (2014). Intersectionality 101. The Institute for Intersectionality Research & Policy, Simon Fraser University.
  • Bauer, G. R., & Scheim, A. I. (2019). Advancing a cumulative inequalities theory for the health and well-being of LGBTQ2S populations in Canada. International Journal for Equity in Health, 18(1), 1-12.
  • Bowleg, L. (2020). We’re not all in this together: On COVID-19, intersectionality, and structural inequality. American Journal of Public Health, 110(7), 917-917.
  • Israel, B. A., Schulz, A. J., Parker, E. A., & Becker, A. B. (2018). Community-based participatory research: Policy recommendations for promoting a partnership approach in health research. Education for Health, 31(3), 223-232.
  • Viswanathan, M., Ammerman, A., Eng, E., Garlehner, G., Lohr, K. N., Griffith, D., … & Whitener, L. (2019). Community-based participatory research: Assessing the evidence: Summary. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
  • Wallerstein, N., Duran, B., Oetzel, J. G., & Minkler, M. (2020). Community-based participatory research for health: Advancing social and health equity. John Wiley & Sons.
  • Williams, D. R., Costa, M. V., Odunlami, A. O., & Mohammed, S. A. (2008). Moving upstream: How interventions that address the social determinants of health can improve health and reduce disparities. Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 14(Suppl), S8-S17.
  • Gottlieb, L. M., Hessler, D., Long, D., Laves, E., Burns, A. R., Amaya, A., … & Adler, N. E. (2020). Effects of social needs screening and in-person service navigation on child health: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Pediatrics, 174(6), e200979.

Vitamin E: Sources, benefits, and antioxidant properties

Nov 5, 2023 | Vitamins and minerals

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Reviewed by Liza Nagarkoti , BSc Nursing, MA(Nutrition), Project Officer (Health) LWF Nepal

Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in maintaining good health. In this article, we will discuss the sources, benefits, and antioxidant properties of vitamin E, as well as recent research and findings related to this vitamin.

Sources of Vitamin E

Vitamin E can be found in various food sources, including nuts, seeds, leafy greens, and vegetable oils such as sunflower, safflower, and soybean oil. Other sources of vitamin E include fortified cereals, eggs, and some fruits and vegetables.

Benefits and Antioxidant Properties

Vitamin E has various health benefits and antioxidant properties. As an antioxidant, it helps protect the body’s cells from damage caused by free radicals, which are unstable molecules that can lead to chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease.

In addition to this, vitamin E may also have anti-inflammatory properties and can help boost the immune system. Some studies have also suggested that vitamin E may have a role in preventing cognitive decline and may reduce the risk of certain types of cancer.

Recent Research and Findings

Recent research has explored the potential health benefits of vitamin E supplementation. A study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that vitamin E supplementation reduced the risk of bladder cancer in male smokers. Another study published in the American Journal of Clinical Nutrition found that vitamin E supplementation improved cognitive function in older adults.

However, some studies have also shown conflicting results. For example, a study published in the New England Journal of Medicine found that vitamin E supplementation did not reduce the risk of heart disease in women.

Deficiency of Vitamin E

Deficiency of vitamin E is rare, but it can occur in individuals with certain medical conditions that affect fat absorption, such as cystic fibrosis. Symptoms of vitamin E deficiency include muscle weakness, vision problems, and an impaired immune system.

Conclusion

Vitamin E is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in maintaining good health. Consuming a diet rich in vitamin E from various food sources is essential to maintain optimal health. Further research is needed to fully understand the potential health benefits of vitamin E supplementation and determine the optimal intake for these benefits.

REFERENCES

  • National Institutes of Health. Vitamin E. https://ods.od.nih.gov/factsheets/VitaminE-HealthProfessional/. Accessed May 9, 2023.
  • Kristal AR, Arnold KB, Neuhouser ML, et al. Diet, supplement use, and prostate cancer risk: results from the prostate cancer prevention trial. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172(5):566-577.
  • Durga J, van Boxtel MPJ, Schouten EG, et al. Effect of 3-year vitamin E supplementation on cognitive function in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2007;85(4):1054-1063.
  • Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, et al. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer: the Women’s Health Study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005;294(1):56-65.

The role of exercise in managing chronic conditions

Nov 4, 2023 | Fitness and Exercise

Exercise is not only important for maintaining good physical and mental health, but it can also be used as a way to manage chronic conditions such as diabetes and arthritis. In this article, we will explore the role of exercise in managing chronic conditions, the benefits of exercise for those with chronic conditions, and some safe and effective ways to exercise with these conditions.

The Role of Exercise in Managing Chronic Conditions

Exercise is an important component of managing chronic conditions, as it can help to improve symptoms and overall quality of life. Exercise can also help to prevent and manage secondary conditions associated with chronic conditions, such as heart disease, stroke, and depression.

For those with diabetes, exercise can help to improve blood sugar control, lower blood pressure, and reduce the risk of heart disease. For those with arthritis, exercise can help to reduce pain and stiffness, improve joint mobility and flexibility, and increase strength.

Benefits of Exercise for Those with Chronic Conditions

There are many benefits of exercise for those with chronic conditions, including:

Improved blood sugar control in those with diabetes

Reduced pain and stiffness in those with arthritis

Improved cardiovascular health Increased strength and flexibility

Improved mental health and well-being

Safe and Effective Ways to Exercise with Chronic Conditions

When exercising with chronic conditions, it is important to choose safe and effective exercises that do not exacerbate symptoms. Some safe and effective ways to exercise with chronic conditions include:

Low-impact aerobic exercise such as walking, cycling, or swimming

Resistance training using weights or resistance bands

Flexibility exercises such as stretching or yoga

Tai chi or other gentle forms of exercise that can improve balance and coordination

It is also important to consult with your healthcare provider before starting any exercise program, especially if you have a chronic condition. Your healthcare provider can help you to design a safe and effective exercise program that meets your individual needs and goals.

Recent Research on Exercise and Chronic Conditions

Recent research has shown that exercise can be an effective way to manage chronic conditions. A study published in the Annals of Internal Medicine found that exercise can be as effective as medication in managing diabetes. Another study published in the Journal of the American Medical Association found that exercise can help to reduce pain and improve function in those with knee osteoarthritis.

In conclusion, exercise is an important component of managing chronic conditions such as diabetes and arthritis. By incorporating safe and effective exercise into your daily routine, you can improve your symptoms, reduce the risk of secondary conditions, and improve your overall quality of life. Consult with your healthcare provider before starting any exercise program, and be sure to choose exercises that are safe and effective for your individual needs and goals.

REFERENCES

  • Balducci, S., Zanuso, S., Cardelli, P., et al. (2010). Supervised exercise training counterbalances the adverse effects of insulin therapy in overweight/obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 33(4), 747-753.
  • Messier, S. P., Loeser, R. F., Miller, G. D., et al. (2004). Exercise and dietary weight loss in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis: the Arthritis, Diet, and Activity Promotion Trial. JAMA, 292(18), 2526-2534.

Health workforce

Nov 4, 2023 | Healthcare policy and reform

Nepal has made significant progress in improving health outcomes in recent years. However, the country continues to face challenges in providing access to quality healthcare, particularly in rural and remote areas. One of the critical factors contributing to this challenge is the shortage and dissatisfaction of healthcare workers, particularly nurses. This essay will explore the reasons for the shortage of healthcare workers in Nepal and suggest strategies to improve the training and retention of healthcare workers, including addressing the dissatisfaction of nurses.

Shortage of Healthcare Workers in Nepal:

Nepal is currently facing a severe shortage of healthcare workers. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the country has only 0.7 doctors and 3.2 nurses per 1,000 population, which is significantly lower than the WHO- recommended minimum of 2.3 doctors and nurses per 1,000 population (1). The shortage of healthcare workers is most pronounced in rural and remote areas, where access to healthcare is already limited.

Several factors contribute to the shortage of healthcare workers in Nepal. Firstly, there is a limited number of healthcare training institutions in the country, leading to a low supply of trained healthcare workers. Secondly, there is a high level of migration of healthcare workers to other countries, attracted by higher salaries and better working conditions. Thirdly, healthcare workers face challenges in accessing professional development and training opportunities, leading to limited career advancement opportunities.

Improving Training and Retention of Healthcare Workers:

To address the shortage of healthcare workers in Nepal, the following strategies can be implemented:

Increasing the Number of Healthcare Training Institutions: The government can increase investment in healthcare training institutions to increase the number of trained healthcare workers.

Providing Incentives for Rural Service: The government can provide incentives for healthcare workers to work in rural and remote areas, such as salary top-ups, transportation, and housing allowances.

Improving Working Conditions: Improving the working conditions of healthcare workers can help reduce dissatisfaction and turnover rates. This includes providing appropriate staffing levels, adequate equipment and supplies, and a supportive work environment.

Enhancing Professional Development and Training Opportunities: Providing opportunities for professional development and training can help healthcare workers advance their careers and increase job satisfaction. This includes access to continuing education programs, mentoring, and leadership development opportunities.

Addressing the Dissatisfaction of Nurses:

Nurses are the backbone of the healthcare workforce, and addressing their dissatisfaction is crucial to retaining them in the healthcare system. The following strategies can be implemented to address the dissatisfaction of nurses in Nepal:

Increasing Salaries and Benefits: The government can increase the salaries and benefits of nurses to be commensurate with their qualifications and workload. This can help improve job satisfaction and reduce turnover rates.

Providing Career Advancement Opportunities: Providing opportunities for career advancement, such as specializations and management roles, can help nurses feel valued and engaged in their work.

Improving Working Conditions: Improving working conditions, including staffing levels, equipment and supplies, and supportive work environments, can help reduce job stress and improve job satisfaction.

Providing Recognition and Appreciation: Providing recognition and appreciation for the hard work of nurses can help improve job satisfaction and promote a positive work culture.

Conclusion:

Improving the training and retention of healthcare workers, particularly nurses, is crucial to ensuring access to quality healthcare in Nepal. By increasing the number of healthcare training institutions, providing incentives for rural service, improving working conditions, and enhancing professional development and training opportunities, Nepal can attract and retain more healthcare workers. Addressing the dissatisfaction of nurses through increasing salaries and benefits, providing career advancement opportunities, improving working conditions, and providing recognition and appreciation can improve job satisfaction and promote a positive work culture in the healthcare sector. A well-trained and satisfied healthcare workforce is essential for delivering high-quality healthcare services and improving health outcomes in Nepal.

REFERENCES

  • World Health Organization. (2016). Health workforce requirements for universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals. Retrieved from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/250330/9789241511407-eng.pdf
  • Ministry of Health and Population, Government of Nepal. (2015). Nepal Human Resources for Health Strategic Plan 2011-2016. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/workforcealliance/countries/Nepal_HRH_Strategic_Plan_2011_2016.pdf
  • Shrestha, G., & Marais, D. (2020). Migration of Nepali nurses to high-income countries: A scoping review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1439. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17041439
  • Dhakal, S., & Gurung, A. (2021). Perception of nursing profession in Nepal. Nursing Open, 8(1), 422-431. doi: 10.1002/nop2.645
  • Bajracharya, K., et al. (2018). Workplace environment and its impact on burnout among nurses working in a tertiary care hospital in Nepal. BMC Nursing, 17(1), 17. doi: 10.1186/s12912-018-0279-y

Addressing stigma around mental health issues

Nov 3, 2023 | Mental health and well being

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Written By THT Editorial Team

Dr. Kamal Gautam

Reviewed by Dr. Kamal Gautam, MBBS(KU), MD Psych (IOM), Currently working at Transcultural Psychological Organization Nepal (TPO Nepal)

Addressing stigma around mental health issues is a critical step towards promoting mental health and well-being. Stigma refers to negative attitudes and beliefs towards individuals with mental health problems, which can lead to discrimination, social exclusion, and other harmful consequences.

Some ways to address stigma include:

  • Education: Educating people about mental health, its prevalence, and its impact can help reduce stigma and increase understanding.
  • Language: Using respectful, non-stigmatizing language when talking about mental health issues can help reduce negative attitudes and stereotypes.
  • Media: The media can play a powerful role in shaping public attitudes towards mental health issues. Responsible reporting on mental health issues and portraying people with mental health problems in a positive, non-stigmatizing way can help reduce stigma. 
  • Support and advocacy: Providing support and advocacy for people with mental health problems can help reduce the stigma associated with mental illness.
  • Collaboration: Collaboration between mental health professionals, advocacy groups, people with lived experience of mental health conditions (PWLE) and other stakeholders can help promote a more positive and inclusive approach to mental health.

Health technology and innovation

Nov 3, 2023 | Healthcare policy and reform

Health technology and innovation are rapidly advancing, revolutionizing healthcare delivery in Nepal. The latest developments in healthcare technology have the potential to enhance patient care, improve health outcomes, and streamline healthcare processes. This summary highlights key advancements and research findings in health technology and innovation in Nepal.

Telemedicine and Digital Health: Telemedicine has emerged as a powerful tool in providing healthcare services remotely, particularly in rural and underserved areas of Nepal. The use of mobile apps, video consultations, and remote monitoring devices enables healthcare professionals to reach patients in remote areas, improving access to healthcare services. A study by Karki et al. (2020) demonstrated the feasibility and effectiveness of telemedicine in Nepal, showing positive patient outcomes and increased patient satisfaction (1). Digital health solutions, including electronic health records and health information systems, are also being implemented to improve data management, facilitate information exchange, and enhance healthcare coordination.

Mobile Health (mHealth): Mobile health technologies have gained significant momentum in Nepal, leveraging the widespread use of mobile phones. mHealth applications, such as health information apps, appointment reminders, and health tracking tools, empower individuals to monitor their health, access medical information, and engage in self-care practices. A study by Gurung et al. (2018) highlighted the potential of mHealth interventions in promoting maternal and child health in Nepal, improving healthcare knowledge and behavior among participants (2). The use of SMS and voice messaging services for health promotion and education has also shown promising results.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning: AI and machine learning algorithms are increasingly being utilized in healthcare for tasks such as medical image analysis, disease prediction, and personalized treatment recommendations. These technologies have the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, optimize treatment plans, and improve patient outcomes. In Nepal, AI has been applied to diagnose retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), a leading cause of childhood blindness, with high accuracy and efficiency (3). AI-driven tools are also being developed to aid in the early detection of diseases like tuberculosis and to support decision-making in healthcare settings.

Health Data Analytics: The analysis of healthcare data plays a vital role in improving healthcare delivery and decision-making. Health data analytics allows for the identification of trends, patterns, and insights that can inform public health interventions, resource allocation, and policy development. In Nepal, health data analytics has been employed in studies such as the analysis of disease surveillance data to understand disease patterns and inform targeted interventions (4). Data-driven approaches support evidence-based decision- making and resource optimization in the healthcare system.

REFERENCES

  • Karki, S., et al. (2020). Telemedicine in Nepal: Ten years of experience. Journal of Nepal Medical Association, 58(225), 623-629. doi: 10.31729/jnma.4984
  • Gurung, G., et al. (2018). Mobile technology intervention for improving maternal and child health in Nepal: A systematic review. BioMed Research International, 2018, 1-12. doi: 10.1155/2018/9742308
  • Ranjitkar, P., et al. (2021). Performance of artificial intelligence-based automated grading of retinopathy of prematurity in Nepal. JAMA Network Open, 4(1), e2030696. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.30696
  • Dhimal, M., et al. (2017). Spatio-temporal distribution of malaria and its association with climatic factors and vector-control interventions in two malaria endemic districts of Nepal. Malaria Journal, 16(1), 1-12. doi: 10.1186/s12936-017- 1841-6

Popular intermittent fasting methods and their benefits and drawbacks

Nov 2, 2023 | Intermittent fasting and time-restricted eating

Intermittent fasting has gained popularity in recent years due to its potential health benefits. There are several popular methods of intermittent fasting, including 16/8, 5:2, and alternate day fasting. In this article, we will discuss the benefits and drawbacks of these methods and provide recent research findings.

16/8 Method

The 16/8 method involves fasting for 16 hours and having an 8-hour eating window each day. This method is popular because it is relatively easy to incorporate into daily life. During the fasting period, water, black coffee, and herbal tea are allowed.

Benefits:

Research suggests that the 16/8 method may improve blood sugar control, reduce inflammation, and promote weight loss. One study found that following the 16/8 method for 12 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, fat mass, and blood pressure in overweight individuals.

Drawbacks:

Some people may find it difficult to stick to an 8-hour eating window, especially if they have a busy lifestyle or social events that involve eating outside of this window. Additionally, some individuals may experience hunger or low energy levels during the fasting period.

5:2 Method

The 5:2 method involves eating normally for five days a week and restricting calorie intake to 500-600 calories for two non-consecutive days.

Benefits:

Research suggests that the 5:2 method may improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and promote weight loss. One study found that following the 5:2 method for six months resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, fat mass, and blood pressure in overweight individuals.

Drawbacks:

Some people may find it challenging to stick to the calorie restriction on the fasting days, and it may lead to feelings of hunger, fatigue, or irritability. Additionally, some individuals may experience overeating on non-fasting days, leading to weight gain.

Alternate Day Fasting

Alternate day fasting involves alternating between days of unrestricted eating and days of complete or partial fasting.

Benefits:

Research suggests that alternate day fasting may improve insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and promote weight loss. One study found that following alternate day fasting for eight weeks resulted in a significant decrease in body weight, fat mass, and waist circumference in overweight individuals.

Drawbacks:

Alternate day fasting can be challenging to stick to for an extended period due to the significant calorie restriction on fasting days. Some individuals may experience hunger, low energy levels, or difficulty concentrating on fasting days.

Conclusion

Intermittent fasting has gained popularity due to its potential health benefits. The 16/8, 5:2, and alternate day fasting methods are popular, and each has its benefits and drawbacks. It is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any fasting regimen, especially for individuals with certain health conditions or taking certain medications.

REFERENCES

  • Harris L, Hamilton S, Azevedo LB, et al. Intermittent fasting interventions for treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JBI Database System Rev Implement Rep. 2018;16(2):507-547.
  • Tinsley GM, La Bounty PM. Effects of intermittent fasting on body composition and clinical health markers in humans. Nutr Rev. 2015;73(10):661-674.
  • Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Kroeger CM, Trepanowski JF, Haus JM. Alternate day fasting for weight loss in normal weight and overweight subjects: a randomized controlled trial. Nutr J. 2013;12(1):146.

Tips for staying motivated to exercise

Nov 2, 2023 | Fitness and Exercise

Set specific, achievable goals: Having a specific goal in mind, such as running a 5K or being able to do 10 pushups, can help keep you motivated and focused on what you want to achieve.

Create a workout routine: Make exercise a part of your daily routine and schedule it in your calendar. This can help make it a habit and something that you look forward to each day.

Find an accountability partner: Having someone to hold you accountable can help you stay motivated and committed to your exercise routine. This could be a friend, family member, or even a personal trainer.

Use positive self-talk: Instead of telling yourself that you “have” to exercise, reframe your thoughts into more positive statements such as “I get to exercise and take care of my body.”

Reward yourself: Set up a system of rewards for yourself after you achieve your exercise goals. This could be anything from treating yourself to a massage or buying a new workout outfit.

Try new activities: Switching up your exercise routine can help prevent boredom and keep you motivated. Try new activities such as hiking, dance classes, or swimming.

Use visualization: Before exercising, take a few moments to visualize yourself completing your workout and feeling great afterwards. This can help mentally prepare you and keep you motivated.

By incorporating these tips into your routine, you can help stay motivated to exercise and achieve your fitness goals. Remember, exercise not only benefits your physical health but also your mental health and overall well-being.

REFERENCES

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Publications.
  • Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology/Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182-185.
  • Teixeira, P. J., Carraça, E. V., Markland, D., Silva, M. N., & Ryan, R. M. (2012). Exercise, physical activity, and self-determination theory: A systematic review. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 78.